{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T15:06:23Z","timestamp":1791558383540,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005230","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CSTB2024NSCQ-MSX0197, CSTB2024TIAD-GPX0030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2024NSCQ-MSX0197, CSTB2024TIAD-GPX0030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005230","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Low-load resistance training [\u226450% one-repetition maximum (1-RM)] produces modest hypertrophic adaptations in untrained individuals. Blood flow restriction (BFR) training, combining low mechanical loads (30\u201340% 1-RM) with proximal limb occlusion, may augment these adaptations by inducing metabolic stress comparable to higher-load exercise. However, evidence comparing low-load multi-component training with and without BFR in physically inactive young adults remains limited. This study examined whether adding BFR to a standardized low-load training program enhances muscle thickness and functional performance outcomes compared with the same program performed without BFR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this single-blind randomized controlled trial conducted at Chongqing Medical University from November 2024 to November 2025, we enrolled 48 physically inactive physically inactive university-aged adults (25 males; mean age 18.98 \u00b1 0.64 years). Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either low-load multi-component with BFR (n=24) or low-load multi-component without BFR) (n=24) training for 6 weeks (4 sessions\/week). The BFR group trained at 30% (weeks 1-3) to 40% (weeks 4-6) 1-RM, with pneumatic cuffs inflated to 50% of individual arterial occlusion pressure. Outcomes were muscle thickness (ultrasound), and physical fitness tests.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      All 48 participants (mean age 19.0 \u00b1 0.6 years) completed the 6-week intervention with \u226585% session attendance. The BFR group demonstrated significantly greater muscle thickness increases compared with without-BFR group in bilateral biceps brachii (right: +0.45 cm vs +0.11 cm, P = 0.001, \u03b7p\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      =0.20; left: +0.37 cm vs +0.10 cm, P = 0.001, \u03b7p\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      =0.21) and right rectus femoris (+0.13 cm vs +0.02 cm, P = 0.001, \u03b7p\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      =0.17). Functional performance improvements favoring BFR included left-hand grip strength (+3.63 kg vs +1.09 kg, P = 0.001, \u03b7p\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      =0.28), bilateral thigh circumference (P = 0.001, \u03b7p\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      =0.12), and exercise-specific core training (males: pull-ups +5.92 vs +2.08 repetitions; females: abdominal curls +11.18 vs +3.33 repetitions). Between-group differences reached significance for 10 of 18 primary and secondary outcomes (56%). Seven BFR participants (29%) reported minor, transient discomfort during week 1; no serious adverse events occurred.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adding BFR to low-load multi-component training produced greater improvements in limb muscle thickness and functional performance compared with the same training performed without BFR in physically inactive young adults over 6 weeks. Benefits were most evident in upper extremity hypertrophy and task-specific functional capacity, with 56% of outcomes demonstrating significant between-group differences favoring BFR. The intervention was well-tolerated with no serious adverse events. These findings support BFR-enhanced low-load training as a potential alternative for individuals unable or unwilling to engage in high-load resistance training, though generalizability to other populations and longer-term sustainability require further investigation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Trial Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link>https:\/\/www.thaiclinicaltrials.org\/<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      , identifier TCTR20241110003.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2026.1792481","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T05:00:40Z","timestamp":1775019640000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Effects of a low-load multi-component training program with blood flow restriction versus the same program without blood flow restriction on muscle thickness and functional outcomes in physically inactive young adults: randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Irfan","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yali","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Pu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaoqi","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifan","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lehua","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"An","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, 2 Hospital, Chongqing Medical University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Botao","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181915670","article-title":"American College of Sports Medicine position stand. 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