{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T04:46:08Z","timestamp":1782794768216,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During rhythmic exercise, overall, heart rate variability (HRV) decreases with increasing intensity, and resting measurements do not reliably reflect responses during activity. Nonneural oscillations in the high-frequency band caused by increased respiratory effort further complicate HRV interpretation. Autonomic nervous system (ANS) balance, particularly between parasympathetic and sympathetic activity, is crucial for optimal athletic performance, highlighting the importance of non-invasive assessments. This study aimed to examine the acute effects of aerobic versus anaerobic running on HRV and ANS indices in male college athletes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We evaluated the effects of rest, aerobic running (AeR) and anaerobic running (AnR), recovery on HRV and ANS indices in 25 healthy male college athletes. Each athlete ran for a mean of 30.96 minutes at low intensity for aerobic running, and an average of 2.59 minutes at high intensity for anaerobic running. RR intervals were recorded using a Polar watch with H10 chest strap and analyzed with Kubios HRV Scientific software using time- and frequency-domain HRV measures, including low-frequency (LF, 0.045\u20130.15 Hz) and high-frequency (HF, 0.15\u20131.0 Hz) components.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Significant differences were found between AeR and AnR in terms of LF, HF, SNS index, and LF\/HF ratio. Differences were also found in RMSSD, SD1, SD2, SNS index, and pNN50 values \u200b\u200bafter AeR and AnR (P&amp;lt;0.05). In within-subject comparisons, during AeR, RMSSD, SD2, pNN50, and PNS index decreased, but SD1 and SNS increased significantly (P&amp;lt;0.05). RMSSD and pNN50 showed no increase or decrease after AeR. SD1 and SNS index decreased after AeR on the other hand, PNS index increase (P&amp;lt;0.05). During AnR, RMSSD, SD2, pNN50, LF, LF\/HF ratio decreased, but HF, SD1 and SNS index increased significantly (P&amp;lt;0.05). Compared to the resting state, SD1 and SD2 did not show any change after AnR, but LF, LF\/HF ratio, SD1, and SNS index increased, while RMSSD, pNN50, HF, and PNS index decreased.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>It was found that the SNS was more dominant during both AeR and AnR. The SNS was more activated during AnR than during AeR. It was observed that college athletes were exposed to more psychophysiological stress during AnR. During the 10-minute post-run recovery period, PNS activation approaches pre-run levels, while SNS activation tends to be higher. The body needs more than 10 minutes to recover after an AnR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2026.1801021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T04:24:36Z","timestamp":1782793476000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Acute effects of aerobic versus anaerobic running on heart rate variability and autonomic nervous system indices in male college athletes: a within-subject comparison"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Mine","family":"Taskin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ali Akkanat School of Applied Sciences, Sel\u00e7uk University","place":["Bey\u015fehir-Konya, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maya","family":"Budak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of National Education, Fatih Vocational and Technical Anatolian High School","place":["Erzincan, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim Halil","family":"Sahin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport Sciences, Esenyurt University","place":["Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nazli Deniz","family":"Ceridhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sel\u00e7uk University","place":["Konya, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Halil","family":"Taskin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sel\u00e7uk University","place":["Konya, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.4197\/eng.34-1.6","article-title":"Improved HRV analysis in ECG data: A comparative study using MATLAB code, Kubios, and gHRV","volume":"34","author":"Attar","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. King Abdulaziz Univ. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2026.1760160","article-title":"Understanding the shortcomings of heart rate variability as a tool for autonomic analysis","volume":"17","author":"Banerjee","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1677-5449.20240152","article-title":"The impact of resistance training on heart rate variability parameters in physically active young adults","volume":"24","author":"Barbosa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Jornal Vasc. Brasileiro"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470987483.ch7","article-title":"Heart rate variability: Stress and psychiatric conditions","volume":"7","author":"Berntson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dynamic Electrocardiography"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2013.00026","article-title":"The LF\/HF ratio does not accurately measure cardiac sympatho-vagal balance","volume":"4","author":"Billman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.12775\/qs.2023.11.01.002","article-title":"The effects of circuit exercise training strategy on health-related physical fitness level and biomarkers in elderly people with cardiovascular diseases","volume":"11","author":"Boudehri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Qual. Sport"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8515","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-35717-0","article-title":"Heart rate variability changes with respect to time and exercise intensity during heart-rate-controlled steady-state treadmill running","volume":"13","author":"Brockmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000177556.05081.77","article-title":"Heart rate variability and intensity of habitual physical activity in middle-aged person","volume":"37","author":"Buchheit","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exercise"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2813","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00490.2004","article-title":"Effects of increased training load on vagal-related indexes of heart rate variability: a novel sleep approach","volume":"287","author":"Buchheit","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3019","DOI":"10.1109\/tbme.2021.3060867","article-title":"Parasympathetic-sympathetic causal interactions assessed by time-varying multivariate autoregressive modeling of electrodermal activity and heart-rate-variability","volume":"68","author":"Callara","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60081223","article-title":"The impact on autonomic nervous system activity during and following exercise in adults: A meta-regression study and trial sequential analysis","volume":"60","author":"Chiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11020350","article-title":"Effects of exercise training on the autonomic nervous system with a focus on anti-inflammatory and antioxidants effects","volume":"11","author":"Daniela","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2014.12.007","article-title":"Effects of functional training on geometric indices of heart rate variability","volume":"5","author":"de Rezende Barbosa","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sport Health Sci."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-019-01061-5","article-title":"The accuracy of acquiring heart rate variability from portable devices: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"49","author":"Dobbs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2005.11.003","article-title":"Autonomic nervous system interaction with the cardiovascular system during exercise","volume":"48","author":"Freeman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.21470\/1678-9741-2019-0030","article-title":"Acute response to aerobic exercise on autonomic cardiac control of patients in phase III of a cardiovascular rehabilitation program following coronary artery bypass grafting","volume":"34","author":"Gambassi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Braz. J. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.657274","article-title":"Effects of different training interventions on heart rate variability and cardiovascular health and risk factors in young and middle-aged adults: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Gr\u00e4ssler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/anec.12697","article-title":"Correlation properties of heart rate variability during endurance exercise: A systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Gronwald","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Noninvasive Electrocardiol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0838.2000.010005298.x","article-title":"Pre- and post-season heart rate variability in adolescent cross-country skiers","volume":"10","author":"Hedelin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1111\/cpf.12223","article-title":"Acute and training effects of resistance exercise on heart rate variability","volume":"36","author":"Kingsley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Physiol. Funct. Imaging"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2009.00977.x","article-title":"Heart rate recovery as a guide to monitor fatigue and predict changes in performance parameters","volume":"20","author":"Lamberts","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scandinavian J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-007-0574-9","article-title":"Effect of exercise mode on heart rate variability during steady state exercise","volume":"102","author":"Leicht","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2008.05.231","article-title":"A study of the relationship between heart rate variability and archery performance","volume":"69","author":"Lo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1864-9726","article-title":"Practices and applications of heart rate variability monitoring in endurance athletes","volume":"44","author":"Lundstrom","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-020-00687-0","article-title":"Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation and parasympathetic function in patients with coronary artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Manresa-Rocamora","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Autonomic Res."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2020.11.008","article-title":"Factors that affect heart rate variability following acute resistance exercise: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Marasingha-Arachchige","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Sport Health Sci."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-008-0687-9","article-title":"Time-frequency analysis of heart rate variability during immediate recovery from low and high intensity exercise","volume":"102","author":"Martinm\u00e4ki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-009-0018-1","article-title":"Spectral methods of heart rate variability analysis during dynamic exercise","volume":"19","author":"Mendonca","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Autonomic Res."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000142403.93205.35","article-title":"Spectral analysis of heart rate variability during exercise in trained subjects","volume":"36","author":"Pichon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exercise"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2017.00258","article-title":"An overview of heart rate variability metrics and norms","volume":"5","author":"Shaffer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.4960181011","article-title":"The power spectral analysis of heart rate variability in athletes during dynamic exercise-Part I","volume":"18","author":"Shin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin. Cardiol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2021.1994652","article-title":"The ratio of heart rate to heart rate variability reflects sympathetic activity during incremental cycling exercise","volume":"22","author":"Tanoue","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.3233\/978-1-60750-848-9-138","article-title":"Effects of endurance training on heart rate and blood pressure variability","volume":"22","author":"Uusitalo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Physiol. Funct. Imaging"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00600.2003","article-title":"Physical training and heart rate and blood pressure variability: a 5-yr randomized trial","volume":"286","author":"Uusitalo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1590\/s0102-76382009000200018","article-title":"No\u00e7\u00f5es b\u00e1sicas de variabilidade da frequ\u00eancia card\u00edaca e sua aplicabilidade cl\u00ednica","volume":"24","author":"Vanderlei","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Cir Cardiovasc."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2025.1714962","article-title":"Mapping HRV in sports science: from monitoring to machine learning","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Sports Active Living"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1991.71.3.1136","article-title":"Autonomic control of heart rate during exercise studied by heart rate variability spectral analysis","volume":"71","author":"Yamamoto","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2025.1364905","article-title":"The impact of long-term exercise intervention on heart rate variability indices: a systematic meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Physiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2026.1801021\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T04:24:37Z","timestamp":1782793477000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2026.1801021\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"references-count":38,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphys.2026.1801021"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2026.1801021","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-042X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-042X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"article-number":"1801021"}}