{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T14:57:41Z","timestamp":1787237861836,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To systematically investigate and evaluate the effects of different exercise (TT: treadmill training; ST: sensorimotor training; NW: Nordic walking; CT: cycling training; WT: walking training; DT: dance training; VRT: VR training; RT: resistance training; AQT: aquatic training; BOX: boxing training; Qigong and Yoga) modalities on both motor and non-motor abilities in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) concerning the impact of various exercise modes on motor and non-motor abilities in Parkinson\u2019s patients were identified by searching the PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane library, CINAHL and CNKI databases. The search period spanned from the inception of each database to December 2025. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 67 RCTs involving 2642 patients were included. Network meta-analysis results indicated that WT most effectively improved UPDRS-III (SUCRA=92.5%); DT was most effective in improving TUG (SUCRA=89.9%) and 6MWT (SUCRA=73.3%); NW best improved BBS (SUCRA=91.1%) and MoCA (SUCRA=91.1%). AQT best improved PDQ-39 (SUCRA=88.5%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Current evidence suggests that exercise involving walking and dance, which stimulates neural regulation, can help improve motor function and cognitive abilities in people with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Patients can choose exercises based on their current fitness level.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Systematic review registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link>https:\/\/osf.io\/7x5kc\/<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2026.1809614","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T04:18:06Z","timestamp":1777609086000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effects of different exercises on motor and non-motor abilities in patients with Parkinson disease\u2014a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jianfeng","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Northeast Normal University","place":["Changchun, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinhong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun University of Science and Technology","place":["Changchun, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianqiang","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao","place":["Qinhuangdao, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sitao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Copper Springs Behavioral Health Hospital","place":["Avondale, AZ, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zenghui","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Northeast Normal University","place":["Changchun, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B2400","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-151258","article-title":"Is customized vestibular rehabilitation effective in patients with Parkinson\u2019s","volume":"37","author":"Acarer","year":"2015","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"B2345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1017\/S135561771600076X","article-title":"Aerobic Exercise Improves Mood, Cognition, and Language Function in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Results of a Controlled Study","volume":"22","author":"Altmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc."},{"key":"B2600","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2013.06.007","article-title":"The effect of Tai Chi exercise on gait initiation and gait performance in persons with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"19","author":"Amano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"B2100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/RNN-150506","article-title":"Intensive cycle ergometer training improves gait speed and endurance in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: A comparison with treadmill training","volume":"34","author":"Arcolin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Restor. Neurol. Neurosci."},{"key":"B2200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-016-0648-9","article-title":"Effects of an intensive Nordic walking intervention on the balance function and walking ability of individuals with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a randomized controlled pilot trial","volume":"29","author":"Bang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"B2300","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2013.02.005","article-title":"The effects of treadmill or overground walking training program on gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"38","author":"Bello","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1590\/s1980-5764-2016dn1004015","article-title":"Comparison of the use of screening tools for evaluating cognitive impairment in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"10","author":"Camargo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dement Neuropsychol."},{"key":"B2000","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215511432652","article-title":"Home-based treadmill training for individuals with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a randomized controlled pilot trial","volume":"26","author":"Canning","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"key":"B2700","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.12.006","article-title":"Aquatic Exercise Therapy for People With Parkinson Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"98","author":"Carroll","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"B1900","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S68779","article-title":"Comparison of strength training, aerobic training, and additional physical therapy as supplementary treatments for Parkinson\u2019s disease: pilot study","volume":"10","author":"Carvalho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"B2800","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40814-018-0355-8","article-title":"Effects of yoga on oxidative stress, motor function, and non-motor symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a pilot randomized controlled trial","volume":"4","author":"Cheung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pilot Feasibility Stud."},{"key":"B2900","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.12965\/jer.1632654.327","article-title":"Effects of therapeutic Tai chi on functional fitness and activities of daily living in patients with Parkinson disease","volume":"12","author":"Choi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Exerc. Rehabil."},{"key":"B3000","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.5114\/ninp.2013.35774","article-title":"Influence of physiotherapy on severity of motor symptoms and quality of life in patients with Parkinson disease","volume":"47","author":"Cholewa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurol. Neurochir. Pol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20100142","article-title":"Boxing training for patients with Parkinson disease: a case series","volume":"91","author":"Combs","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"B8333","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-130828","article-title":"Community-based group exercise for persons with Parkinson disease: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"32","author":"Combs","year":"2013","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1202921","article-title":"Tai chi for patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"366","author":"Corcos","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B2223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25380","article-title":"A two-year randomized controlled trial of progressive resistance exercise for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"28","author":"Corcos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"B3100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-151257","article-title":"Effects of a Nordic Walking program on motor and non-motor symptoms, functional performance and body composition in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"37","author":"Cugusi","year":"2015","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"B3200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.23736\/S1973-9087.16.04272-6","article-title":"Effects of twelve weeks of aerobic or strength training in addition to standard care in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a controlled study","volume":"53","author":"Demonceau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"B3300","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1097\/NPT.0000000000000086","article-title":"Exercise and medication effects on persons with Parkinson disease across the domains of disability: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"39","author":"Dibble","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"B3400","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2009.04.009","article-title":"High intensity eccentric resistance training decreases bradykinesia and improves Quality Of Life in persons with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a preliminary study","volume":"15","author":"Dibble","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"B3500","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968311421614","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of community-based dancing to modify disease progression in Parkinson disease","volume":"26","author":"Duncan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"B4000","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00045.2006","article-title":"Regulation of coronary blood flow during exercise","volume":"88","author":"Duncker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD013856.pub2","article-title":"Physical exercise for people with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review and network meta\u2010analysis","volume":"2023","author":"Ernst","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"B3600","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.12.014","article-title":"The Effects of Functional Training, Bicycle Exercise, and Exergaming on Walking Capacity of Elderly Patients With Parkinson Disease: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Single-blinded Trial","volume":"99","author":"Ferraz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"B3700","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1590\/0004-282X20180071","article-title":"The effect of resistance training on the anxiety symptoms and quality of life in elderly people with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"76","author":"Ferreira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arq. Neuropsiquiatr."},{"key":"B6","article-title":"The effect of Tai Chi exercise on balance and falls in persons with Parkinson\u2019s","volume-title":"Evidence-based practice project reports","author":"Gladfelter","year":"2011"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000112","article-title":"Premotor and nonmotor features of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"27","author":"Goldman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"B3800","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2011-300919","article-title":"An exercise intervention to prevent falls in people with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a pragmatic randomised controlled trial","volume":"82","author":"Goodwin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B3900","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-020-01617-w","article-title":"Nordic Walking and Walking in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a randomized single-blind controlled trial","volume":"33","author":"Granziera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"B4001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-0362","article-title":"Effects of dance on movement control in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a comparison of Argentine tango and American ballroom","volume":"41","author":"Hackney","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"B4100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16122104","article-title":"Non-Motor Symptoms after One Week of High Cadence Cycling in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"16","author":"Harper","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B4200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2015.01.010","article-title":"Effects of dance on motor functions, cognitive functions, and mental symptoms of Parkinson\u2019s disease: a quasi-randomized pilot trial","volume":"23","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Med."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d5928","article-title":"The Cochrane Collaboration\u2019s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials","volume":"343","author":"Higgins","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B4300","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000000858","article-title":"Trunk Exercises Improve Gait Symmetry in Parkinson Disease: A Blind Phase II Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"97","author":"Hubble","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26291","article-title":"Aerobic exercise alters brain function and structure in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"91","author":"Johansson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2014.09.014","article-title":"The cognition and emotional well-being indices of the Parkinson\u2019s disease questionnaire-39: what do they really measure","volume":"20","author":"Jones","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"B4400","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1142\/S1013702520500055","article-title":"Effect of home-based Tai Chi, Yoga or conventional balance exercise on functional balance and mobility among persons with idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s disease: An experimental study","volume":"40","author":"Khuzema","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hong Kong Physiother. J."},{"key":"B4500","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2016.1276972","article-title":"Effects of Ai Chi on balance, quality of life, functional mobility, and motor impairment in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"40","author":"Kurt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"B4600","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.0534","article-title":"Effects of Mindfulness Yoga vs Stretching and Resistance Training Exercises on Anxiety and Depression for People With Parkinson Disease: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"76","author":"Kwok","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2022.100180","article-title":"Severity of depressive and motor symptoms impacts quality of life in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients at an academic movement clinic: a cross-sectional study","volume":"8","author":"Lacy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Park Relat. Disord."},{"key":"B4700","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.27.145","article-title":"Effect of virtual reality dance exercise on the balance, activities of daily living, and depressive disorder status of Parkinson\u2019s disease patients","volume":"27","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Phys. Ther. Sci."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5454","DOI":"10.12307\/2025.503","article-title":"Exercise prevention and treatment of Parkinson\u2019s disease mediated exercise prevention and treatment of Parkinson\u2019s disease mediated","volume":"29","author":"Lei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin. J. Tissue Eng. Res."},{"key":"B4800","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1107911","article-title":"Tai chi and postural stability in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"366","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2013.176","article-title":"Parkinson disease: nonmotor symptoms predict quality of life in patients with early Parkinson disease","volume":"9","author":"Malkki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1586\/17434440.2016.1153421","article-title":"Potential of APDM Mobility Lab for the monitoring of the progression of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"13","author":"Mancini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Med. Devices"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1177\/1756285611431974","article-title":"Health-related quality of life as an outcome variable in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"5","author":"Martinez-Martin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Neurol. Disord."},{"key":"B4900","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2018.07.005","article-title":"\u201cDance Therapy\u201d as a psychotherapeutic movement intervention in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"40","author":"Michels","year":"2018","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Med."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e26479","article-title":"Bridging the gap between statistical significance and clinical relevance: A systematic review of minimum clinically important difference (MCID) thresholds of scales reported in movement disorders research","volume":"10","author":"Mishra","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B5000","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1089\/jicm.2021.0292","article-title":"Home-Based Walking Meditation Decreases Disease Severity in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"28","author":"Mitarnun","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Integr. Complement. Med."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2490\/jjrmc.20032","article-title":"Minimal clinically important difference for mini-balance evaluation systems test and Berg balance scale: a systematic review","author":"Miyata","year":"2021","journal-title":"Japanese J. Rehabil. Med"},{"key":"B5100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2025.2496728","article-title":"Functional training and Mat Pilates have a positive effect on non-motor symptoms improving cognition, depressive symptoms, anxiety, and happiness in people with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a randomized controlled clinical trial with follow-up","author":"Moratelli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aging Ment. Health"},{"key":"B1700","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000144","article-title":"Effects of 24 wk of treadmill training on gait performance in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"46","author":"Nadeau","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"B5200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2016.01.007","article-title":"Controlled pilot study of the effects of power yoga in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"25","author":"Ni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Med."},{"key":"B5300","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2015.11.028","article-title":"Power training induced change in bradykinesia and muscle power in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"23","author":"Ni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"B5400","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2157-7595.1000137","article-title":"Tai Chi Exercise to Improve Non-Motor Symptoms of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"3","author":"Nocera","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Yoga Phys. Ther."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13699\/j.cnki.1001-6821.2022.21.026","article-title":"Analysis of global guidelines for comprehensive treatment of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"38","author":"Pang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B5500","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215513507462","article-title":"Leg muscle power is enhanced by training in people with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"28","author":"Paul","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"key":"B5600","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physio.2019.12.007","article-title":"Comparison of virtual reality rehabilitation and conventional rehabilitation in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"106","author":"Pazzaglia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiotherapy"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70123-6","article-title":"Exercise-enhanced neuroplasticity targeting motor and cognitive circuitry in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Petzinger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B1800","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.11138\/fneur\/2016.31.1.025","article-title":"Effects of treadmill training on cognitive and motor features of patients with mild to moderate Parkinson\u2019s disease: a pilot, single-blind, randomized controlled trial","volume":"31","author":"Picelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Funct. Neurol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26424","article-title":"MDS clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"30","author":"Postuma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Movement Disord."},{"key":"B5800","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375267","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/375267","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease and forced exercise: a preliminary study","volume":"2013","author":"Qutubuddin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rehabil. Res. Pract."},{"key":"B5900","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2015.01.015","article-title":"Tango for treatment of motor and non-motor manifestations in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a randomized control study","volume":"23","author":"Rios Romenets","year":"2015","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Med."},{"key":"B6000","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27865","article-title":"Exercise increases caudate dopamine release and ventral striatal activation in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"34","author":"Sacheli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"B1500","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22469","article-title":"Symptom and gait changes after sensory attention focused exercise vs aerobic training in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"24","author":"Sage","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.03.016","article-title":"Graphical methods and numerical summaries for presenting results from multiple-treatment meta-analysis: an overview and tutorial","volume":"64","author":"Salanti","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B6100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.23736\/S1973-9087.17.04572-5","article-title":"Effects of progressive resistance exercise in akinetic-rigid Parkinson\u2019s disease patients: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"53","author":"Santos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"B6200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-192771","article-title":"Efficacy of the Nintendo Wii combination with Conventional Exercises in the rehabilitation of individuals with Parkinson\u2019s disease: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"45","author":"Santos","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroRehabil."},{"key":"B6300","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20110472","article-title":"Exercise for people in early- or mid-stage Parkinson disease: a 16-month randomized controlled trial","volume":"92","author":"Schenkman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"B6400","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0140584","article-title":"Resistance versus Balance Training to Improve Postural Control in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Randomized Rater Blinded Controlled Study","volume":"10","author":"Schlenstedt","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-020-00904-8","article-title":"Current perspectives on aerobic exercise in people with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"17","author":"Schootemeijer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g7647","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015: elaboration and explanation","volume":"350","author":"Shamseer","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2016.04.015","article-title":"Treadmill exercise facilitates synaptic plasticity on dopaminergic neurons and fibers in the mouse model with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"621","author":"Shin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"B6500","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2018.0413","article-title":"Sardinian Folk Dance for Individuals with Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial","volume":"25","author":"Solla","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Altern. Complement. Med."},{"key":"B6600","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anr.2018.06.001","article-title":"The Effects of Mindfulness Meditation-based Complex Exercise Program on Motor and Non-Motor Symptoms, and Quality of Life in Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease","author":"Son","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian Nurs. Res"},{"key":"B6700","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215517721593","article-title":"Home-based step training using videogame technology in people with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a single-blinded randomised controlled trial","volume":"32","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"key":"B6800","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2008.09.008","article-title":"Benefits of physical exercise on executive functions in older people with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"69","author":"Tanaka","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2009.10.075","article-title":"Exercise exerts neuroprotective effects on Parkinson\u2019s disease model of rats","volume":"1310","author":"Tajiri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.16780\/j.cnki.sjssgncj.20220791","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the effect of aerobic exercise on cognitive function in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"18","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neural Injury Funct. Reconstruction"},{"key":"B6900","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1159\/000493127","article-title":"Vastly Different Exercise Programs Similarly Improve Parkinsonian Symptoms: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"65","author":"Toll\u00e1r","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"B7000","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.05.007","article-title":"A High-Intensity Multicomponent Agility Intervention Improves Parkinson Patients\u2019 Clinical and Motor Symptoms","volume":"99","author":"Toll\u00e1r","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2013.11.017","article-title":"Treadmill exercise reverses dendritic spine loss in direct and indirect striatal medium spiny neurons in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"63","author":"Toy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"B2222","article-title":"A remotely supervised home-based aerobic exercise programme is feasible for patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","author":"van der Kolk","year":"2018"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30285-6","article-title":"Effectiveness of home-based and remotely supervised aerobic exercise in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a double-blind, randomised controlled trial","volume":"18","author":"van der Kolk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.22216","article-title":"Altered AMPA receptor expression with treadmill exercise in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-lesioned mouse model of basal ganglia injury","volume":"88","author":"VanLeeuwen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"B7100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2164956118775385","DOI":"10.1177\/2164956118775385","article-title":"Tai Chi for Reducing Dual-task Gait Variability, a Potential Mediator of Fall Risk in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"7","author":"Vergara-Diaz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob. Adv. Health Med."},{"key":"B7200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S231359","article-title":"Progressive Resistance Training Improves Bradykinesia, Motor Symptoms and Functional Performance in Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"15","author":"Vieira de Moraes Filho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"B7300","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2011.03.017","article-title":"Aquatic therapy versus conventional land-based therapy for Parkinson\u2019s disease: an open-label pilot study","volume":"92","author":"Vivas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"B7400","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215514536060","article-title":"Comparing the effects of hydrotherapy and land-based therapy on balance in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a randomized controlled pilot study","volume":"28","author":"Volpe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"key":"B7500","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215516664122","article-title":"Water-based vs. non-water-based physiotherapy for rehabilitation of postural deformities in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a randomized controlled pilot study","volume":"31","author":"Volpe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"key":"B7600","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2318-13-54","article-title":"A comparison of Irish set dancing and exercises for people with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a phase II feasibility study","volume":"13","author":"Volpe","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr."},{"key":"B7700","first-page":"111","article-title":"Effects of Baduanjin and Balancer Exercise on Motor and Non-motor Symptoms of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. J. Rehabil. Theory Pract."},{"key":"B7800","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e227","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.14438","article-title":"Effect of Health Qigong Baduanjin on Fall Prevention in Individuals with Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"64","author":"Xiao","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"B7900","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gerinurse.2024.08.028","article-title":"The effect of multi-component exercise intervention in older people with Parkinson\u2019s disease and mild cognitive impairment: A randomized controlled study","volume":"60","author":"Yan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Geriatr. Nurs."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3410","DOI":"10.12102\/j.issn.1009-6493.2018.21.026","article-title":"Influence of rehabilitation exercise intervention on limb motor function and self-care ability of patients with Parkinson\u2032s disease","volume":"32","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. Nurs. Res."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.935176","article-title":"Effectiveness of aerobic and resistance training on the motor symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease: systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"B8000","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.23736\/S0022-4707.19.10104-1","article-title":"Effect of simplified Tai Chi exercise on relieving symptoms of patients with mild to moderate Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"60","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Physiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2026.1809614\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T04:18:13Z","timestamp":1777609093000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2026.1809614\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"references-count":99,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphys.2026.1809614"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2026.1809614","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-042X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-042X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"article-number":"1809614"}}