{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T12:51:28Z","timestamp":1781787088172,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated the interactive effects of acute warm-up intensity and baseline physical fitness on cardiovascular responses and subsequent running performance in adolescents within a school-based physical education setting. In a counterbalanced, repeated-measures crossover design, 132 adolescents completed a low-intensity warm-up (self-paced walking) and a moderate-intensity warm-up (modified interval-based circuit, ~70% estimated HRmax) on separate occasions, each followed by a 20-minute self-paced running task. After quality control, valid running performance data were obtained from 110 participants, and heart rate data were analyzed in a stratified subsample of 100 participants. Baseline fitness was categorized into middle-to-high fitness (grades 1\u20133) and low fitness (grades 4\u20135) based on national normative data from the Physical Activity Promotion System. Cardiovascular response, assessed as mean heart rate during the warm-up, and running performance outcomes, including total distance and mean speed, were analyzed using a mixed-effects model. A significant interaction between warm-up intensity and baseline fitness was observed for both total running distance (p = 0.027) and mean running speed (p = 0.030). Following the moderate-intensity warm-up, the middle-to-high fitness group demonstrated greater running distance and speed compared with the low-intensity condition, whereas the same standardized moderate-intensity warm-up did not improve performance in the low-fitness group. The moderate-intensity warm-up elicited higher mean heart rate than the low-intensity warm-up across participants (p &amp;lt; 0.0001), with no significant interaction between warm-up intensity and fitness level. These findings suggest that baseline fitness may moderate the performance response to an acute warm-up in adolescents. Overall, a universal warm-up prescription may not be equally effective across students with varying fitness levels, and individualized, relative-intensity approaches warrant further investigation in school-based physical education settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2026.1819635","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T04:30:01Z","timestamp":1780633801000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of acute warm-up intensity and baseline fitness on running performance in adolescents"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yongwan","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, College of Education, Jeonbuk National University","place":["Jeonju, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun-chul","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, College of Education, Jeonbuk National University","place":["Jeonju, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suebin","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, College of Education, Jeonbuk National University","place":["Jeonju, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eun Young","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, College of Education, Jeonbuk National University","place":["Jeonju, Republic of Korea"]},{"name":"Center for Sports Science in Jeonbuk, Jeonbuk State Sports Council","place":["Jeonju, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyunji","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, College of Education, Jeonbuk National University","place":["Jeonju, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juseok","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, College of Education, Jeonbuk National University","place":["Jeonju, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chansol","family":"Hurr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, College of Education, Jeonbuk National University","place":["Jeonju, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00015.2007","article-title":"Skeletal muscle fatigue: Cellular mechanisms","volume":"88","author":"Allen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physiol. 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