{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T09:40:40Z","timestamp":1785663640518,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000006","name":"Office of Naval Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N000142312828, N000142512219"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N000142312828, N000142512219"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hypervolemia (volume overload) and hypovolemia (volume deficit) are sub-optimal blood volume conditions that influence overall circulation and organ function, with substantial shifts posing serious risk of death. In both conditions, the body\u2019s response mechanisms can compensate for sub-optimal volume up to a point at which the cardiovascular system decompensates. Most current methods for assessing blood volume status are either limited to clinical settings or are inaccurate, posing a particular challenge for triaging or monitoring in austere environments.  Recent work has aimed at developing novel wearable sensing and machine learning technologies to yield early and accurate signs of sub-optimal volume status prior to decompensation. Seismocardiogram (SCG) signals, representing vibrations of the chest wall due to heartbeat, have been leveraged as a non-invasive and convenient means of extracting cardiac timing representative of sub-optimal volume status. In this work, we aimed to elucidate the changes in morphological variability in the SCG signal in both hypervolemic and hypovolemic conditions. We hypothesized that the variability in the SCG signal would be heightened in decompensated versus compensated states, since the decompensated state would represent hemodynamic conditions that were less stable and thus more variable on a beat-by-beat basis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two datasets were fused for this analysis: 11 heart failure patients with acute decompensation and hypervolemia undergoing vasodilation (thus transitioning to a compensated state), and 15 swine undergoing a volume depletion experiment (hypovolemia). SCG signal consistency, representing the inverse of signal variability, was computed using 60 seconds of data extracted each from the compensation and decompensation periods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While there was no significant change in signal consistency from compensation to decompensation in the dorso-ventral nor head-to-foot SCG axes for either the hypervolemia or hypovolemia populations, we observed a significant change in signal consistency from compensation to decompensation in the lateral axis for both the hypervolemia (p = 0.042) and hypovolemia (p = 0.012) populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results demonstrate an important relationship between compensation status and SCG morphology variability, particularly in the underutilized SCG lateral axis. This paper thus sets a foundation for enabling future algorithms leveraging SCG variability to provide baseline-free estimation capability of sub-optimal volume status in field settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2026.1823345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T05:39:48Z","timestamp":1779082788000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Quantifying changes in triaxial seismocardiography variability due to sub-optimal volume status"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Gabriela I.","family":"Cestero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology","place":["Atlanta, GA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeineb","family":"Bouzid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology","place":["Atlanta, GA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afra","family":"Nawar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology","place":["Atlanta, GA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cem O.","family":"Yaldiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology","place":["Atlanta, GA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Demet","family":"Tangolar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology","place":["Atlanta, GA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongjun J.","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine","place":["Baltimore, MD, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin-Oh","family":"Hahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland","place":["College Park, MD, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omer T.","family":"Inan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology","place":["Atlanta, GA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2004.01.070","article-title":"Relation of unrecognized hypervolemia in chronic heart failure to clinical status, hemodynamics, and patient outcomes","volume":"93","author":"Androne","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. 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