{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T05:04:40Z","timestamp":1789535080373,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Activation of hypothalamic neurons by short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) has been recognized as one of the mechanisms of appetite regulation in mammals. However, their central effects on hypothalamic neuropeptides have not yet been fully investigated in chicks. In the present study, feed intake and mRNA expression of neuropeptides in chicks were evaluated under the influence of SCFAs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The experiments included intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of SCFAs into five-day-old chicks. Feed intake was recorded up to 2 h post-injection, and PCR was used to determine the gene expression levels of neuropeptides.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Feed intake significantly increased following ICV administration of sodium acetate (0.25 mg) and sodium butyrate (0.5 mg) (P &amp;lt; 0.05), whereas it was reduced by ICV administration of sodium propionate (5 mg) (P &amp;lt; 0.05). NPY5R mRNA expression significantly increased by sodium acetate (0.25 mg) (P &amp;lt; 0.05); however, NPY, NPY4R, AgRP, and anorexigenic neuropeptides were not altered (P &amp;gt; 0.05). NPY mRNA expression was significantly increased by sodium butyrate (0.5 mg), whereas reductions in POMC and MC4R were observed following this treatment (P &amp;lt; 0.05); however, AgRP, NPY4R, and MC1R were not affected (P &amp;gt; 0.05). An increase in MC4R mRNA expression was induced by sodium propionate (5 mg) (P &amp;lt; 0.05), while no significant changes were detected in orexigenic neuropeptides or POMC and MC1R (P &amp;gt; 0.05).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings suggest that SCFAs regulate feed intake in chicks by acting in the hypothalamus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2026.1825952","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T04:33:12Z","timestamp":1789533192000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Short-chain fatty acids differentially regulate feed intake and hypothalamic appetite-related genes in layer-type chicks"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Elham","family":"Ghashghaei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-grain Feed Resources (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Efficient Feeding, Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University","place":["Taian, Shandong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Mijiyawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-grain Feed Resources (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Efficient Feeding, Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University","place":["Taian, Shandong, China"]},{"name":"Regional Center of Excellence for Avian Science, University of Lome","place":["Lom\u00e9, Togo"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minghui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-grain Feed Resources (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Efficient Feeding, Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University","place":["Taian, Shandong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morteza","family":"Zendehdel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran","place":["Tehran, Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hai","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-grain Feed Resources (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Efficient Feeding, Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University","place":["Taian, Shandong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-04564-8","article-title":"Involvement of central opioid and melanocortin receptors in spexin-induced hypophagia following intracerebroventricular injection in neonatal broiler chicks","volume":"21","author":"Badri","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2009.12.024","article-title":"Hypothalamic nutrient sensing in the control of energy homeostasis","volume":"209","author":"Blouet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2015.84","article-title":"The role of short chain fatty acids in appetite regulation and energy homeostasis","volume":"39","author":"Byrne","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.09.016","article-title":"Peripheral mechanisms in appetite regulation","volume":"148","author":"Camilleri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2024.10.030","article-title":"Poultry nutrition: achievement, challenge, and strategy","volume":"154","author":"Cao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0153342","article-title":"The stimulatory effect of cerebral intraventricular injection of cNPY on precocial feeding behavior in neonatal chicks (Gallus domesticus)","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.18640","article-title":"Hunger neurons drive feeding through a sustained, positive reinforcement signal","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(79)90233-6","article-title":"Autoradiographic distribution of L-proline in chicks after intracerebral injection","volume":"22","author":"Davis","year":"1979","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2024.116383","article-title":"The short-chain fatty acid acetate modulates orexin\/hypocretin neurons: a novel mechanism in gut-brain axis regulation of energy homeostasis and feeding","volume":"226","author":"Forte","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3611","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4611","article-title":"The short-chain fatty acid acetate reduces appetite via a central homeostatic mechanism","volume":"5","author":"Frost","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.7570\/jomes25059","article-title":"Regulation of feeding behavior and body weight by orexigenic neurons in the arcuate nucleus","volume":"34","author":"Fu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Obes. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/s0014-2999(97)01391-5","article-title":"The central corticotropin-releasing factor and glucagon-like peptide-1 in food intake of the neonatal chick","volume":"339","author":"Furuse","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2025.106105","article-title":"Central effects of bile acids on feed intake and mRNA expression of appetite-related neuropeptides in layer-type chicks","volume":"104","author":"Ghashghaei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Poul Sci."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2025.105586","article-title":"Effects of amino acids methionine, lysine, and taurine on feed intake and mRNA expression of appetite-related neuropeptides in layer-type chicks","volume":"104","author":"Ghashghaei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2025.105505","article-title":"Effect of methionine replacement with taurine on the performance and antioxidative capacity of broiler","volume":"104","author":"Ghashghaei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1080\/00207454.2022.2102980","article-title":"Central dopaminergic, serotoninergic, as well as GABAergic systems mediate NMU-induced hypophagia in newborn chicken","volume":"134","author":"Ghashghayi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.773372","article-title":"Short and medium chain fatty acids and their derivatives as a natural strategy in the control of necrotic enteritis and microbial homeostasis in broiler chickens","volume":"8","author":"G\u00f3mez-Osorio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"B18","first-page":"21","article-title":"Gene expression and the control of food intake by hypothalamic POMC\/CART neurons","volume":"3","author":"Hill","year":"2010","journal-title":"Open Neuroendocrinol. J."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1039\/c9fo02585e","article-title":"Short chain fatty acids could prevent fat deposition in pigs via regulating related hormones and genes","volume":"11","author":"Jiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1080\/09712119.2017.1345741","article-title":"Effects of dietary short- and medium-chain fatty acids on performance, carcass traits, jejunum morphology, and serum parameters of broiler chickens","volume":"46","author":"Khatibjoo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Anim. Res."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2008.511","article-title":"Central and peripheral regulation of food intake and physical activity: pathways and genes","volume":"16","author":"Lenard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-314050","article-title":"Butyrate reduces appetite and activates brown adipose tissue via the gut-brain neural circuit","volume":"67","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.08.033","article-title":"The relationship among gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids, and intestinal morphology of growing and healthy broilers","volume":"99","author":"Liao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2023.102942","article-title":"Effects of energy restriction during growing phase on the productive performance of Hyline Brown laying hens aged 6 to 72 wk","volume":"102","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.61838\/kman.jpsad.2.3.1","article-title":"Neuropeptide Y: an undisputed central simulator of avian appetite","volume":"2","author":"Mahdavi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Poult. Scie Avian Dis."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2011.07245.x","article-title":"Fatty acid transport protein expression in human brain and potential role in fatty acid transport across human brain microvessel endothelial cells","volume":"117","author":"Mitchell","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"B27","first-page":"404","article-title":"Purinergic regulation of food and fat intakes in broiler\u2019s central nervous system","author":"Motaghi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Iran. J. Vet. Med"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12285","article-title":"Pro\u2010opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurones, POMC\u2010derived peptides, melanocortin receptors and obesity: how understanding of this system has changed over the last decade","volume":"27","author":"Mountjoy","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.08.015","article-title":"Neuropeptide Y is associated with changes in appetite-associated hypothalamic nuclei but not food intake in a hypophagic avian model","volume":"236","author":"Newmyer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1097\/med.0b013e3283422f0a","article-title":"Neuropeptide Y and peptide YY: important regulators of energy metabolism","volume":"18","author":"Nguyen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3156","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2012-02526","article-title":"Effects of energy concentration of the diet on productive performance and egg quality of brown egg-laying hens differing in initial body weight","volume":"9","author":"P\u00e9rez-Bonilla","year":"2012","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.1007\/s10989-021-10257-1","article-title":"The crosstalk between brain mediators regulating food intake behavior in birds: a review","volume":"27","author":"Rahmani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Pept. Res. Ther."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci9030112","article-title":"Avian orexin: feed intake regulator or something else","volume":"9","author":"Ramser","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Sci."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/86.7.1478","article-title":"Mechanisms regulating feed intake, energy expenditure, and body weight in poultry","volume":"86","author":"Richards","year":"2007","journal-title":"Poul Sci."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2023.114536","article-title":"Hypophagia induced by intracerebroventricular injection of apelin-13 is mediated via CRF1\/CRF2 and MC3\/MC4 receptors in neonatal broiler chicken","volume":"452","author":"Safikhani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2141\/jpsa.2024012","article-title":"Recent research on mechanisms of feeding regulation in chicks","volume":"61","author":"Saneyasu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Poul Sci."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.4314\/sajas.v37i3.4086","article-title":"Effects of short chain fatty acid (SCFA) supplementation on performance and egg characteristics of old breeder hens : : short communication","volume":"37","author":"Sengor","year":"2007","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12492","article-title":"Mechanistic relationship between the vagal afferent pathway, central nervous system and peripheral organs in appetite regulation","volume":"7","author":"Ueno","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Investiga"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.12.016","article-title":"Microbiota-generated metabolites promote metabolic benefits via gut-brain neural circuits","volume":"156","author":"Vadder","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901180205","article-title":"The chicken telencephalon, diencephalon and mesencephalon in stereotaxic coordinates","volume":"118","author":"Van Tienhoven","year":"1962","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture14101811","article-title":"Sustainable poultry feeding strategies for achieving zero hunger and enhancing food quality","volume":"14","author":"Vlaicu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Agriculture"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1007\/s10989-019-09928-x","article-title":"Role of paraventricular nucleus in regulation of feeding behaviour and the design of intranuclear neuronal pathway communications","volume":"26","author":"Yousefvand","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Pept. Res. Ther."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s10989-019-09852-0","article-title":"Survey the effect of insulin on modulating feed intake via NPY receptors in 5-day-old chickens","volume":"26","author":"Yousefvand","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Pept. Res. Ther."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.61838\/kman.jpsad.3.1.7","article-title":"NPY1 and MC3\/MC4 receptors mediate BDNF-induced hypophagia in 5-day-old chickens","volume":"3","author":"Zarei","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Poult. Sci. Avian Dis"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s10989-015-9486-4","article-title":"Interaction between opioidergic and dopaminergic systems on food intake in neonatal layer type chicken","volume":"22","author":"Zendehdel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Pept. Res. Ther."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14800\/nt.251","article-title":"Central regulation of food intake in mammals and birds","volume":"1","author":"Zendehdel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurotransmitter"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668.2017.1278626","article-title":"Serotonin-induced hypophagia is mediated via \u03b12 and \u03b22 adrenergic receptors in neonatal layer-type chickens","volume":"58","author":"Zendehdel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2022.06.003","article-title":"Propionate stimulates the secretion of satiety hormones and reduces acute appetite in a cecal fistula pig model","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2009.07.003","article-title":"Effects of L-arginine supplementation on glucose and nitric oxide (NO) levels and activity of NO synthase in corticosterone-challenged broiler chickens (Gallus gallus)","volume":"150","author":"Zhao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C. Toxicol. Pharmacol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Physiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2026.1825952\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T04:33:18Z","timestamp":1789533198000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2026.1825952\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"references-count":49,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphys.2026.1825952"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2026.1825952","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-042X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-042X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"article-number":"1825952"}}