{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T04:55:13Z","timestamp":1781585713405,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To identify the practical heart rate measurement windows by examining the impact of various heart rate ranges on changes in cardiac function in small animal models of health and disease under isoflurane anesthesia using cardiac ultrasonography.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Male Sprague\u2013Dawley rats were used to produce a model of post-myocardial infarction heart failure by left anterior descending artery ligation. Each of the model and normal (control) groups included 11 rats. On days 7 and 28 after surgery, the model group showed dynamic alterations in cardiac function. A \u201cdual-hit\u201d strategy combining nitric oxide synthase inhibitors with high-fat diet was used to create a mouse model of heart failure with intact ejection fraction. In addition to comparing failed and normal hearts at the same heart rate loads, echocardiography was used to evaluate cardiac performance in normal and model rats and mice under various heart rate loads controlled by varying depths of anesthesia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Under normal or pathological conditions, changes in heart rate had a minor impact on contractile performance; however, when the heart rate was reduced, the contractile function was markedly decreased. Both rats and mice exhibited diastolic dysfunction when their heart rates decreased.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Echocardiographic systolic function in rats is not significantly impacted by changes in heart rate under normal or pathological conditions. In contrast, bradycardia under isoflurane anesthesia easily causes diastolic dysfunction in both species, and systolic performance in mice decreases as the heart rate is reduced. Thus, the practical heart rate measurement windows for echocardiography under isoflurane anesthesia may be 390\u2013450 bpm for rats and 450\u2013480 and 510\u2013550 bpm for mice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2026.1847051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T04:28:45Z","timestamp":1781584125000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of heart rate on cardiac function in normal mice and rats and in animal models of heart failure"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jiuli","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Capital Medical University, Core Facilities Centre","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaojiao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sha","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Teng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingjing","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0135778","article-title":"Evaluation of left ventricle function by regional fractional area change (RFAC) in a mouse model of myocardial infarction secondary to valsartan treatment","volume":"10","author":"Castiglioni","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1590\/s0066-782x1999000300003","article-title":"Cholinergic stimulation with pyridostigmine, hemodynamic and echocardiographic analysis in healthy subjects","volume":"72","author":"de Pontes","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arq Bras. 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