{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T05:06:03Z","timestamp":1784696763579,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eccentric-dominant exercise is a key component of many sports. It is also associated with exercise-induced muscle damage and activation of inflammatory responses. Physical activity, including sports, is one of the cornerstones in the treatment of type 1 diabetes (T1DM). However, the integrated response of the muscle\u2013immune\u2013gut axis to eccentric-dominant exercise in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) remains poorly understood. This is the first study to evaluate the integrated muscle\u2013immune\u2013gut response to eccentric exercise in people with type 1 diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The study comprised 39 physically active men (20\u201339 years old); 19 participants with well-controlled T1D, treated using continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII), and 20 healthy volunteers\u2014control group. They performed a 30-minute downhill run (-10% inclination angle) at 60% VO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      max. Blood samples were analyzed at baseline, 1-hour and 24-hours post-exercise assessed markers of muscle damage (LDH, myoglobin), inflammation (IL-6, TNF-\u03b1), hormonal responses (testosterone, cortisol), and gut-related response (zonulin).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>However, in men with T1D, eccentric exercise triggers significantly more severe and prolonged inflammatory response, higher IL-6 concentrations, TNF-\u03b1 and values of muscle damage markers, lasting up to 24 hours, compared to healthy controls. Increased cortisol levels may indicate a prolonged physiological response to exercise stress, while heightened zonulin levels may reflect changes in the gut-immune response following exercise with a predominance of eccentric contractions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In active men with T1D, eccentric exercise triggers more intense, prolonged inflammatory and metabolic responses compared to healthy controls. This underscores the muscle\u2013immune\u2013gut axis, necessitating individualized training loads and specific recovery strategies to optimize exercise adaptation in this population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2026.1855840","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T04:41:48Z","timestamp":1784695308000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Altered muscle-immune-gut axis response to eccentric exercise in men with well-controlled type 1 diabetes: a pilot study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Bart\u0142omiej","family":"Matejko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Metabolic Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College","place":["Krak\u00f3w, Poland"]},{"name":"University Hospital in Krak\u00f3w","place":["Krak\u00f3w, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Morawska-Tota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Medicine and Human Nutrition, University of Physical Culture","place":["Krak\u00f3w, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Mrozi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital in Krak\u00f3w","place":["Krak\u00f3w, Poland"]},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College","place":["Krak\u00f3w, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Klupa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Metabolic Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College","place":["Krak\u00f3w, Poland"]},{"name":"University Hospital in Krak\u00f3w","place":["Krak\u00f3w, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Tota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Physical Culture","place":["Krak\u00f3w, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-097X.2007.00779.x","article-title":"Muscle oxygenation after downhill walking-induced muscle damage","volume":"28","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. 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