{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T05:03:21Z","timestamp":1789967001367,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Cadmium remains a primary toxicological concern because it does not degrade and easily enters the food chain, affecting diverse ecosystems. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of sublethal cadmium exposure on cardiac function and on brain and heart tissues in zebrafish (\n                    <jats:italic>Danio rerio<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) larvae, utilizing photoplethysmography as a rapid, non-invasive approach. Larvae (1 day post-hatching) were exposed for five days to cadmium sulfate at concentrations of 0.005, 0.025, and 0.05 mg\/L under controlled laboratory conditions. Cardiac activity was assessed twice a day using a non-invasive photoplethysmography-based technique. Histological analyses of brain and heart tissues were conducted using standard fixation, sectioning, and staining protocols. At the highest cadmium concentration, histological examination revealed neuronal degeneration in brain tissue and thinning of the cardiac wall. Cadmium exposure led to heart rate suppression, with the most pronounced effect observed at 0.05 mg\/L. Lower concentrations exhibited attenuated but still significant effects compared to controls. These findings indicate that cadmium exerts both functional and structural toxicity in zebrafish larvae, affecting cardiovascular development and neural integrity. The results support the use of heart rate, measured via photoplethysmography, as a sensitive and non-invasive endpoint for detecting sublethal cardiotoxic effects.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2026.1865285","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T04:28:21Z","timestamp":1789964901000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sublethal cadmium exposure disrupts cardiac function and tissue structure in zebrafish larvae"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Alexander","family":"Machikhin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Acousto-optic Spectroscopy Lab, Scientific and Technological Center of Unique Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences","place":["Moscow, Russia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastasia","family":"Guryleva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Acousto-optic Spectroscopy Lab, Scientific and Technological Center of Unique Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences","place":["Moscow, Russia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viacheslav","family":"Krylov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Biology and Genetics Lab, Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences","place":["Borok, Russia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeriya","family":"Bukova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Acousto-optic Spectroscopy Lab, Scientific and Technological Center of Unique Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences","place":["Moscow, Russia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Artem","family":"Slavin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Acousto-optic Spectroscopy Lab, Scientific and Technological Center of Unique Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences","place":["Moscow, Russia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonid","family":"Shuman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology and Evolutionary Ecology of Animals, University of Tyumen","place":["Tyumen, Russia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Selyukov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology and Evolutionary Ecology of Animals, University of Tyumen","place":["Tyumen, Russia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Burlakov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Acousto-optic Spectroscopy Lab, Scientific and Technological Center of Unique Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences","place":["Moscow, Russia"]},{"name":"Department of Ichthyology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University","place":["Moscow, Russia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anirban","family":"Chakraborty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education & Research, Department of Molecular Genetics & Cancer","place":["Mangalore, India"]},{"name":"Nitte (Deemed to be University), KS Hegde Medical Academy, Department of Medical Oncology","place":["Mangalore, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/w12113005","article-title":"Effect of cadmium and nickel exposure on early development in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos","volume":"12","author":"Aldavood","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0021076","article-title":"Large-scale assessment of the zebrafish embryo as a possible predictive model in toxicity testing","volume":"6","author":"Ali","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-010-9344-4","article-title":"Pollution of river Mahaweli and farmlands under irrigation by cadmium from agricultural inputs leading to a chronic renal failure epidemic among farmers in NCP, Sri Lanka","volume":"33","author":"Bandara","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. 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