{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T11:05:07Z","timestamp":1789988707166,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":188,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Precision exercise is increasingly supported by wearable technologies, multi-omics profiling, and artificial intelligence; however, these components are often applied in isolation, limiting their capacity to support continuous and interpretable decision-making in real-world settings. This review proposes WMRE2030, a day-scale closed-loop methodological framework integrating Wearables (W), Multi-omics (M), AI-driven Real-Time Feedback (R), and Exercise (E). Within this architecture, wearable devices continuously capture physiological, behavioural, and contextual states; multi-omics provides relatively stable or periodically updated biological background, response potential, and safety constraints; artificial intelligence organizes heterogeneous information into evidence-constrained and traceable decision support; and exercise functions as the executable intervention whose outcomes are returned to the system for iterative updating. The framework emphasizes \u201cthe same architecture, different parameters, \u201c allowing sensors, omics inputs, decision thresholds, and levels of professional oversight to be adapted across clinical populations, the general population, and high-performance athletes. WMRE2030 should currently be regarded as a testable methodological roadmap rather than a validated autonomous prescription system. Future research should evaluate its incremental value through longitudinal, micro-randomized, and multicentre studies, while addressing interoperability, privacy, algorithmic transparency, safety brakes, cost-effectiveness, scalability, and equitable access. By connecting biological interpretation with continuous sensing and adaptive decision support, WMRE2030 may provide a practical pathway toward more reliable and sustainable precision exercise.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2026.1883295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T10:43:30Z","timestamp":1789987410000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["WMRE2030: integrating wearable devices, multi-omics, and artificial intelligence\u2013driven real-time feedback into a daily-scale closed-loop framework for a new era of precision exercise"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Mingrui","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Top -Tier Performance Physical Fitness Training Center","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingyue","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University","place":["Melbourne, VIC, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sports Science and Physical Education, Tsinghua University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jilong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiaomi Communications Technology Co., Ltd.","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haowei","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Deepwise Technology Co., Ltd.","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linghua","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Innovative Technology, Shanghai Tongshu Biotechnology Research Institute","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Competitor Institute of Sports and Nutrition (CISN)","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sports Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cunjian","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Chizhou University","place":["Chizhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaoliang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Athletic Performance and Data Science Laboratory (APDS), Division of Sports Science and Physical Education, Tsinghua University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2023.104477","article-title":"Interpretable physiological forecasting in the ICU using constrained data assimilation and electronic health record data","volume":"145","author":"Albers","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Inf."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15448","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-18356-9","article-title":"Agreement between two photoplethysmography-based wearable devices for monitoring heart rate during different physical activity situations: a new analysis methodology","volume":"12","author":"Alfonso","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/28\/3\/r01","article-title":"Photoplethysmography and its application in clinical physiological measurement","volume":"28","author":"Allen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21030814","article-title":"Smart textiles and sensorized garments for physiological monitoring: a review of available solutions and techniques","volume":"21","author":"Angelucci","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sens."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.14451","article-title":"Cross\u2010tissue comparison of epigenetic aging clocks in humans","volume":"24","author":"Apsley","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s20041013","article-title":"Textile electrocardiogram (ECG) electrodes for wearable health monitoring","volume":"20","author":"Arquilla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-10072-4","article-title":"Synthesizing scientific literature with retrieval-augmented language models","volume":"650","author":"Asai","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-022-00460-x","article-title":"End-to-end design of wearable sensors","volume":"7","author":"Ates","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcpro.2023.100561","article-title":"Multi-omics profiling for health","volume":"22","author":"Babu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Proteomics"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2449","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-37626-2","article-title":"A precision environmental health approach to prevention of human disease","volume":"14","author":"Baccarelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2018.2798607","article-title":"Multimodal machine learning: a survey and taxonomy","volume":"41","author":"Baltru\u0161aitis","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01288","article-title":"The validity and between-unit variability of GNSS units (STATSports Apex 10 and 18 Hz) for measuring distance and peak speed in team sports","volume":"9","author":"Beato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1093\/bfgp\/elq026","article-title":"The epigenomic interface between genome and environment in common complex diseases","volume":"9","author":"Bell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Briefings Funct. Genomics"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/IJSPP.2017-0208","article-title":"Monitoring athlete training loads: consensus statement","volume":"12","author":"Bourdon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-020162","article-title":"Reliability of wireless monitoring using a wearable patch sensor in high-risk surgical patients at a step-down unit in the Netherlands: a clinical validation study","volume":"8","author":"Breteler","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-013-0018-0","article-title":"Toward exercise as personalized medicine","volume":"43","author":"Buford","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlpt.2025.101106","article-title":"Non-clinical direct-to-consumer genetic testing: a scoping review of regulatory frameworks and issues","volume":"14","author":"Bujang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Health Policy Technol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2469","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-022-01698-9","article-title":"Just how confident can we be in predicting sports injuries? A systematic review of the methodological conduct and performance of existing musculoskeletal injury prediction models in sport","volume":"52","author":"Bullock","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000104","article-title":"Challenges and recommendations for wearable devices in digital health: data quality, interoperability, health equity, fairness","volume":"1","author":"Canali","year":"2022","journal-title":"PloS Digital Health"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/27487","article-title":"Accuracy assessment of oura ring nocturnal heart rate and heart rate variability in comparison with electrocardiography in time and frequency domains: comprehensive analysis","volume":"24","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.117685","article-title":"Ethical and legal implications of health monitoring wearable devices: a scoping review","volume":"370","author":"Capulli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Soc Sci. Med."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.02.009","article-title":"Personal omics profiling reveals dynamic molecular and medical phenotypes","volume":"148","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e239","DOI":"10.1016\/s2589-7500(22)00234-5","article-title":"Does deidentification of data from wearable devices give us a false sense of security? A systematic review","volume":"5","author":"Chikwetu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Digit. Health"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2020.35.e363","article-title":"Comparison of continuous ECG monitoring by wearable patch device and conventional telemonitoring device","volume":"35","author":"Choi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2020.107789","article-title":"Wrist-worn and chest-strap wearable devices: systematic review on accuracy and metrological characteristics","volume":"159","author":"Cosoli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.01.040","article-title":"Exercise is medicine initiative: physical activity as a vital sign and prescription in adult rehabilitation practice","volume":"97","author":"Cowan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s22062203","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the Insole3 instrumented shoe insole for ground reaction force measurement during walking and running","volume":"22","author":"Cramer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sens."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000651","article-title":"Bias in medical AI: implications for clinical decision-making","volume":"3","author":"Cross","year":"2024","journal-title":"PloS Digital Health"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000033","article-title":"A systematic review of federated learning applications for biomedical data","volume":"1","author":"Crowson","year":"2022","journal-title":"PloS Digital Health"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.14218\/erhm.2024.00006","article-title":"Advances in the clinical application of high-throughput proteomics","volume":"9","author":"Cui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Explor. Res. hypothesis Med."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-025-02861-6","article-title":"nELISA: A high-throughput, high-plex platform enables quantitative profiling of the inflammatory secretome","volume":"22","author":"Dagher","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-024-01151-3","article-title":"From wearable sensor data to digital biomarker development: ten lessons learned and a framework proposal","volume":"7","author":"Daniore","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Digital Med."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2025.2555554","article-title":"Interunit reliability of STATSports APEX global navigation satellite system and accelerometer-derived metrics during shuttle run protocols of varied distances and change of direction frequency","volume":"44","author":"Dawson","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-021-00332-8","article-title":"The quantification of acceleration events in elite team sport: a systematic review","volume":"7","author":"Delves","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sports Med. - Open"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1080\/15402002.2017.1300587","article-title":"The sleep of the ring: comparison of the \u014cURA sleep tracker against polysomnography","volume":"17","author":"De Zambotti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav. Sleep Med."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biodatasci-102523-103640","article-title":"Spatially resolved single-cell omics: methods, challenges, and future perspectives","volume":"7","author":"Dezem","year":"2024","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biomed. Data Sci."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S146","DOI":"10.2337\/dc25-S007","article-title":"7. diabetes technology: standards of care in diabetes\u20142025","volume":"48","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.70706","article-title":"Contextual equivalence for accurate comparison of wearables requires transparency","volume":"13","author":"Dial","year":"2025","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/60209","article-title":"Assessment of wearable device adherence for monitoring physical activity in older adults: pilot cohort study","volume":"7","author":"Ding","year":"2024","journal-title":"JMIR Aging"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-025-01757-1","article-title":"Privacy in consumer wearable technologies: a living systematic analysis of data policies across leading manufacturers","volume":"8","author":"Doherty","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Digital Med."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-031150","article-title":"Reliability of a wearable wireless patch for continuous remote monitoring of vital signs in patients recovering from major surgery: a clinical validation study from the TRaCINg trial","volume":"9","author":"Downey","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2024.1500563","article-title":"Classification system for AI-enabled consumer-grade wearable technologies aiming to automatize decision-making about individualization of exercise procedures","volume":"6","author":"D\u00fcking","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Sports Active Living"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01339-0","article-title":"Wearable sensors enable personalized predictions of clinical laboratory measurements","volume":"27","author":"Dunn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-025-01722-y","article-title":"Systematic review of cost effectiveness and budget impact of artificial intelligence in healthcare","volume":"8","author":"El Arab","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Digital Med."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2022.2107816","article-title":"Tibial bone forces can be monitored using shoe-worn wearable sensors during running","volume":"40","author":"Elstub","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"B46","first-page":"1","article-title":"Physiollm: supporting personalized health insights with wearables and large language models","author":"Fang","year":"2024"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s25175562","article-title":"Detecting diverse seizure types with wrist-worn wearable devices: a comparison of machine learning approaches","volume":"25","author":"Faust","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sens."},{"key":"B48","article-title":"De novo classification request for irregular rhythm notification feature","year":"2018"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2023.1284086","article-title":"Tracking devices and physical performance analysis in team sports: a comprehensive framework for research\u2014trends and future directions","volume":"5","author":"Ferraz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Sports Active Living"},{"key":"B50","first-page":"30","article-title":"Transparency for machine learning-enabled medical devices: guiding principles","volume-title":"Us Food Drug Adm. Retrieved June","year":"2024"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjdh\/ztae055","article-title":"Long-term adherence to a wearable for continuous behavioural activity measuring in the SafeHeart implantable cardioverter defibrillator population","volume":"5","author":"Frodi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Digital Health"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/18694","article-title":"Reliability and validity of commercially available wearable devices for measuring steps, energy expenditure, and heart rate: systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Fuller","year":"2020","journal-title":"JMIR mHealth uHealth"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108952","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2998358","article-title":"Digital twin: Enabling technologies, challenges and open research","volume":"8","author":"Fuller","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.276521.121","article-title":"Precision environmental health monitoring by longitudinal exposome and multi-omics profiling","volume":"32","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/72830","article-title":"Digital twins for just-in-time adaptive interventions (jitais): Framework for optimizing and continually improving jitais","volume":"28","author":"Gazi","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e745","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(21)00208-9","article-title":"The false hope of current approaches to explainable artificial intelligence in health care","volume":"3","author":"Ghassemi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet digit. Health"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/31\/9\/015","article-title":"Photoplethysmography pulse rate variability as a surrogate measurement of heart rate variability during non-stationary conditions","volume":"31","author":"Gil","year":"2010","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.120.006760","article-title":"Microrandomized trial design for evaluating just-in-time adaptive interventions through mobile health technologies for cardiovascular disease","volume":"14","author":"Golbus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Qual. Outcomes"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics10120819","article-title":"Smart ring in clinical medicine: A systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Gong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomimetics"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.8775","article-title":"Beyond adoption: a new framework for theorizing and evaluating nonadoption, abandonment, and challenges to the scale-up, spread, and sustainability of health and care technologies","volume":"19","author":"Greenhalgh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-025-01501-9","article-title":"Identification of digital twins to guide interpretable AI for diagnosis and prognosis in heart failure","volume":"8","author":"Gu","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Digital Med."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03669-9","article-title":"Precision nutrition for cardiometabolic diseases","volume":"31","author":"Guasch-Ferr\u00e9","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B63","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ethics and governance of artificial intelligence for health","author":"Guidance","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Health Organ."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2023.117225","article-title":"Scaling-up metabolomics: Current state and perspectives","volume":"167","author":"Hajjar","year":"2023","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1001\/amajethics.2025.828","article-title":"What are the most ethically salient implications of epigenetic age testing","volume":"27","author":"Hauskeller","year":"2025","journal-title":"AMA J. Ethics"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2024.125104","article-title":"Digital twins in sport: Concepts, taxonomies, challenges and practical potentials","volume":"258","author":"Hli\u0161","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adk4271","article-title":"The DTC microbiome testing industry needs more regulation","volume":"383","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbt.2012.03.004","article-title":"A personal view on systems medicine and the emergence of proactive P4 medicine: predictive, preventive, personalized and participatory","volume":"29","author":"Hood","year":"2012","journal-title":"New Biotechnol."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8123","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-87489-0","article-title":"Accuracy of heart rate variability estimated with reflective wrist-PPG in elderly vascular patients","volume":"11","author":"Hoog Antink","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.740743","article-title":"The challenging path to developing a mobile health device for epilepsy: the current landscape and where we go from here","volume":"12","author":"Hubbard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e905","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001304","article-title":"Direct-to-consumer genetic testing for cardiovascular disease: A scientific statement from the american heart association","volume":"151","author":"Hull","year":"2025","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s23177518","article-title":"Wearable sensors for respiration monitoring: A review","volume":"23","author":"Hussain","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sens."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00102.2024","article-title":"Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium (MoTrPAC): human studies design and protocol","volume":"137","author":"Jakicic","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2055207619898984","article-title":"WHO guidance for digital health: what it means for researchers","volume":"6","author":"Jandoo","year":"2020","journal-title":"DIGITAL Health"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1561\/2200000083","article-title":"Advances and open problems in federated learning","volume":"14","author":"Kairouz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Found. Trends Mach. Learn."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2023-014626","article-title":"Leveraging digital health initiatives to enhance the effectiveness, equity and responsiveness of health systems","volume":"9","author":"Kane","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Glob. Health"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2025.1630032","article-title":"Pulse rate variability is not the same as heart rate variability: findings from a large, diverse clinical population study","volume":"16","author":"Kantrowitz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-024-01073-0","article-title":"Digital twins for health: a scoping review","volume":"7","author":"Katsoulakis","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Digital Med."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3394","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03888-0","article-title":"A personal health large language model for sleep and fitness coaching","volume":"31","author":"Khasentino","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S7526","article-title":"The impact of arm position and pulse pressure on the validation of a wrist-cuff blood pressure measurement device in a high risk population","volume":"3","author":"Khoshdel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Gen. Med."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2012.02.012","article-title":"A population perspective on how personalized medicine can improve health","volume":"42","author":"Khoury","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/59601","article-title":"The CeHRes roadmap 2.0: update of a holistic framework for development, implementation, and evaluation of eHealth technologies","volume":"27","author":"Kip","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0000305","article-title":"Microrandomized trials: an experimental design for developing just-in-time adaptive interventions","volume":"34","author":"Klasnja","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Psychol."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1080\/14636778.2021.1997576","article-title":"The omics of our lives: practices and policies of direct-to-consumer epigenetic and microbiomic testing companies","volume":"40","author":"Knoppers","year":"2021","journal-title":"New Genet. Soc"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/58936","article-title":"The value of smartwatches in the health care sector for monitoring, nudging, and predicting: Viewpoint on 25 years of research","volume":"26","author":"K\u00f6hler","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-023-01868-x","article-title":"Validation of Oura ring energy expenditure and steps in laboratory and free-living","volume":"23","author":"Kristiansson","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Med. Res. Methodol."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.13499","article-title":"Validation of two watch\u2010type wearable blood pressure monitors according to the ANSI\/AAMI\/ISO81060\u20102:2013 guidelines: Omron HEM\u20106410T\u2010ZM and HEM\u20106410T\u2010ZL","volume":"21","author":"Kuwabara","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Hypertens."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1038\/s43588-024-00607-6","article-title":"Digital twins in medicine","volume":"4","author":"Laubenbacher","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2024-108576","article-title":"Machine learning approaches to injury risk prediction in sport: a scoping review with evidence synthesis","volume":"59","author":"Leckey","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adx4518","article-title":"A body-scale textile-based electromyogram monitoring system with coaxially shielded conductive yarns","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2309.12325","article-title":"FUTURE-AI: international consensus guideline for trustworthy and deployable artificial intelligence in healthcare","volume":"388","author":"Lekadir","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B92","first-page":"9459","article-title":"Retrieval-augmented generation for knowledge-intensive nlp tasks","volume":"33","author":"Lewis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.2001402","article-title":"Digital health: tracking physiomes and activity using wearable biosensors reveals useful health-related information","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS Biol."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-025-06548-7","article-title":"Digital intelligence for cardiometabolic health management in older adults: protocol for a community-based prospective cohort study","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3381007","article-title":"Personalized HeartSteps: a reinforcement learning algorithm for optimizing physical activity","volume":"4","author":"Liao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.4161\/15592294.2014.982445","article-title":"An integrative analysis reveals coordinated reprogramming of the epigenome and the transcriptome in human skeletal muscle after training","volume":"9","author":"Lindholm","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2025.2491163","article-title":"Validation of polar verity sense for heart rate monitoring during school-based high-intensity interval training in adolescents","volume":"43","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e537","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(20)30218-1","article-title":"Reporting guidelines for clinical trial reports for interventions involving artificial intelligence: the CONSORT-AI extension","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Digit. Health"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17162695","article-title":"Integrating precision medicine and digital health in personalized weight management: the central role of nutrition","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-024-04217-9","article-title":"Core reference ontology for individualized exercise prescription","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s25196049","article-title":"A systematic review of Chest-Worn sensors in cardiac assessment: Technologies, Advantages, and limitations","volume":"25","author":"MaChado","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000003480","article-title":"2023 ESH guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension the Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension endorsed by the European Renal Association (ERA) and the International Society of Hypertension (ISH)","volume":"41","author":"Mancia","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1038\/s41431-022-01205-8","article-title":"Direct-to-consumer genetic testing: an updated systematic review of healthcare professionals\u2019 knowledge and views, and ethical and legal concerns","volume":"30","author":"Martins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app142411872","article-title":"Heart rate measurement accuracy during intermittent efforts under laboratory conditions: a comparative analysis between chest straps and armband","volume":"14","author":"Marzano-Felisatti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-022-01760-6","article-title":"Wearables for running gait analysis: a systematic review","volume":"53","author":"Mason","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"B106","article-title":"Communication-efficient learning of deep networks from decentralized data","author":"McMahan","year":"2017"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"07TR01","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/ab998c","article-title":"Pulse rate variability in cardiovascular health: a review on its applications and relationship with heart rate variability","volume":"41","author":"Mej\u00eda-Mej\u00eda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/exposome\/osab002","article-title":"Integrating the exposome into a multi-omic research framework","volume":"1","author":"Miller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exposome"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.3077","article-title":"The behavioral intervention technology model: an integrated conceptual and technological framework for eHealth and mHealth interventions","volume":"16","author":"Mohr","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06877-w","article-title":"Temporal dynamics of the multi-omic response to endurance exercise training","volume":"629","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-103148","article-title":"Recommendations for determining the validity of consumer wearable heart rate devices: expert statement and checklist of the INTERLIVE network","volume":"55","author":"M\u00fchlen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21020479","article-title":"A comprehensive review of continuous glucose monitoring accuracy during exercise periods","volume":"21","author":"Mu\u00f1oz Fabra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sens."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2024.02.002","article-title":"Transforming the cardiometabolic disease landscape: multimodal AI-powered approaches in prevention and management","volume":"36","author":"Muse","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0000306","article-title":"Building health behavior models to guide the development of just-in-time adaptive interventions: a pragmatic framework","volume":"34","author":"Nahum-Shani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Psychol."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-016-9830-8","article-title":"Just-in-time adaptive interventions (JITAIs) in mobile health: key components and design principles for ongoing health behavior support","volume":"52","author":"Nahum-Shani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Behav. Med."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aehs.2025.09.001","article-title":"Precision prevention in exercise: integrating OMICS biomarkers and artificial intelligence for injury risk assessment","volume":"2","author":"Nasb","year":"2025","journal-title":"Advanced Exercise Health Sci"},{"key":"B117","unstructured":"DNA Sequencing Costs: Data\n          \n          2023"},{"key":"B118","unstructured":"Using biological constraints to improve prediction in precision oncology\n          \n          \n            \n              Omar\n              M.\n            \n            \n              Dinalankara\n              W.\n            \n            \n              Mulder\n              L.\n            \n            \n              Coady\n              T.\n            \n            \n              Zanettini\n              C.\n            \n            \n              Imada\n              E. L.\n            \n          \n          \n          2023"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.724904","article-title":"Prospective study of a multimodal convulsive seizure detection wearable system on pediatric and adult patients in the epilepsy monitoring unit","volume":"12","author":"Onorati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.31662\/jmaj.2024-0213","article-title":"The era of preemptive medicine: developing medical digital twins through omics, IoT, and AI integration","volume":"8","author":"Ooka","year":"2025","journal-title":"JMA J."},{"key":"B121","unstructured":"World Health Organization\n          WHO Guidelines on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour\n          \n          2020"},{"key":"B122","unstructured":"World Health Organization\n          Global Status Report on Physical Activity 2022: Country Profiles\n          \n          2022"},{"key":"B123","unstructured":"World Health Organization\n          Invisible Numbers: The True Extent of Noncommunicable Diseases and What to do About Them\n          \n          2022"},{"key":"B124","unstructured":"World Health Organization\n          Regulatory Considerations on Artificial Intelligence for Health\n          \n          2023"},{"key":"B125","unstructured":"World Health Organization\n          Global Strategy on Digital Health 2020-2027\n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B126","unstructured":"Ozemek\n              C.\n            \n            \n              Bonikowske\n              A.\n            \n            \n              Christle\n              J.\n            \n            \n              Gallo\n              P.\n            \n          \n          Lippincott Williams & Wilkins\n          ACSM\u2019s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription\n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1080\/20476965.2023.2284712","article-title":"From digital health to learning health systems: four approaches to using data for digital health design","volume":"12","author":"Pannunzio","year":"2023","journal-title":"Health Syst."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.21037\/cdt.2019.06.05","article-title":"Accuracy of commercially available heart rate monitors in athletes: a prospective study","volume":"9","author":"Pasadyn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. diagnosis Ther."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2302","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-026-04352-3","article-title":"The All of Us Research Program\u2019s wearables dataset","volume":"32","author":"Patten","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00657.2005","article-title":"Pulse transit time measured from the ECG: an unreliable marker of beat-to-beat blood pressure","volume":"100","author":"Payne","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/11252.003.0044","article-title":"Causal inference","volume":"6","author":"Pearl","year":"2010","journal-title":"Causality: object. Assess."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1901183","article-title":"Large-scale assessment of a smartwatch to identify atrial fibrillation","volume":"381","author":"Perez","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2023.04.054","article-title":"Consumer wearable health and fitness technology in cardiovascular medicine","volume":"82","author":"Petek","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.128404","article-title":"AgentAI: a comprehensive survey on autonomous agents in distributed AI for industry 4.0","volume":"291","author":"Piccialli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2025-336981","article-title":"Heterogeneity and lack of standardisation in gut microbiome testing: a comparative assessment of French medical biology laboratories","volume":"75","author":"Pichon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(24)00311-X","article-title":"International consensus statement on microbiome testing in clinical practice","volume":"10","author":"Porcari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-5-56","article-title":"A comparison of direct versus self-report measures for assessing physical activity in adults: a systematic review","volume":"5","author":"Prince","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/asaa070","article-title":"Estimating time-varying causal excursion effects in mobile health with binary outcomes","volume":"108","author":"Qian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2019.02.007","article-title":"Multimodal wrist-worn devices for seizure detection and advancing research: focus on the Empatica wristbands","volume":"153","author":"Regalia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e549","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m3210","article-title":"Guidelines for clinical trial protocols for interventions involving artificial intelligence: the SPIRIT-AI extension","volume":"2","author":"Rivera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Digit. Health"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3275","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11131-x","article-title":"Towards a standardized bioinformatics infrastructure for N- and O-glycomics","volume":"10","author":"Rojas-Macias","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2018-100328","article-title":"Precision exercise medicine: understanding exercise response variability","volume":"53","author":"Ross","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2401","DOI":"10.1177\/0040517521996727","article-title":"Washability of e-textiles: current testing practices and the need for standardization","volume":"91","author":"Rotzler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Text. Res. J."},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.06.004","article-title":"Molecular transducers of physical activity consortium (MoTrPAC): mapping the dynamic responses to exercise","volume":"181","author":"Sanford","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"B145","article-title":"Multi \u2018omic d\/ata integration: A review of concepts, considerations, and approaches","volume-title":"Seminars in Perinatology","author":"Santiago-Rodriguez","year":"2021"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app14146085","article-title":"A systematic review of insole sensor technology: recent studies and future directions","volume":"14","author":"Santos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2478\/ijcss-2020-0001","article-title":"A development framework for decision support systems in high-performance sport","volume":"19","author":"Schelling","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Sci. Sport"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2376-6332","article-title":"Bridging gaps in wearable technology for exercise and health professionals: a brief review","volume":"45","author":"Schumann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/67110","article-title":"Wrist-worn and arm-worn wearables for monitoring heart rate during sedentary and light-to-vigorous physical activities: device validation study","volume":"9","author":"Schweizer","year":"2025","journal-title":"JMIR cardio"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleepadvances\/zpaf021","article-title":"A performance validation of six commercial wrist-worn wearable sleep-tracking devices for sleep stage scoring compared to polysomnography","volume":"6","author":"Schyvens","year":"2025","journal-title":"SLEEP Adv."},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-019-0149-2","article-title":"Wearable sensors for monitoring the internal and external workload of the athlete","volume":"2","author":"Seshadri","year":"2019","journal-title":"NPJ Digital Med."},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-14771-5","volume-title":"Multimodal AI in Healthcare: A Paradigm Shift in Health Intelligence","author":"Shaban-Nejad","year":"2023"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2017.00258","article-title":"An overview of heart rate variability metrics and norms","volume":"5","author":"Shaffer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-024-01146-0","article-title":"The effectiveness of digital twins in promoting precision health across the entire population: a systematic review","volume":"7","author":"Shen","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Digital Med."},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091415","article-title":"Ecological momentary assessment","volume":"4","author":"Shiffman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-024-01172-y","article-title":"A systematic umbrella review and meta-meta-analysis of eHealth and mHealth interventions for improving lifestyle behaviours","volume":"7","author":"Singh","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Digital Med."},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.2478\/joeb-2021-0012","article-title":"Estimation of heart rate variability from finger photoplethysmography during rest, mild exercise and mild mental stress","volume":"12","author":"Singstad","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Electr. Bioimpedance"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.8102","article-title":"Effect of a home-based wearable continuous ECG monitoring patch on detection of undiagnosed atrial fibrillation: the mSToPS randomized clinical trial","volume":"320","author":"Steinhubl","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/s41514-025-00211-6","article-title":"Optimizing metabolic health with digital twins","volume":"11","author":"Su","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Aging"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1177932219899051","article-title":"Multi-omics data integration, interpretation, and its application","volume":"14","author":"Subramanian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioinf. Biol. Insights"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-020-0221-y","article-title":"An overview of clinical decision support systems: benefits, risks, and strategies for success","volume":"3","author":"Sutton","year":"2020","journal-title":"NPJ Digital Med."},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.01.020","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the Oura Ring Generation 3 (Gen3) with Oura sleep staging algorithm 2.0 (OSSA 2.0) when compared to multi-night ambulatory polysomnography: A validation study of 96 participants and 421,045 epochs","volume":"115","author":"Svensson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/49669","article-title":"Just-in-time adaptive intervention for stabilizing sleep hours of Japanese workers: microrandomized trial","volume":"26","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/39150","article-title":"The effects of objective push-type sleep feedback on habitual sleep behavior and momentary symptoms in daily life: mHealth intervention trial using a health care internet of things system","volume":"10","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2022","journal-title":"JMIR mHealth uHealth"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8956","DOI":"10.1109\/TCE.2025.3587200","article-title":"Real-time health monitoring for athletes in dynamic sports environments based on split federated learning and recurrent neural networks","volume":"71","author":"Tao","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-51394-2_25","article-title":"From ads to interventions: contextual bandits in mobile health","volume-title":"Mobile Health","author":"Tewari","year":"2017"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2512.14121","article-title":"SportsGPT: an LLM-driven framework for interpretable sports motion assessment and training guidance","author":"Tian","year":"2025"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-022-00408-z","article-title":"Tracking systems in team sports: A narrative review of applications of the data and sport specific analysis","volume":"8","author":"Torres-Ronda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sports Med. - Open"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2401.02851","article-title":"Natural language programming in medicine: administering evidence based clinical workflows with autonomous agents powered by generative large language models","author":"Vaid","year":"2024"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/50204","article-title":"Envisioning the future of personalized medicine: role and realities of digital twins","volume":"26","author":"Vall\u00e9e","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s40634-021-00346-x","article-title":"Machine learning methods in sport injury prediction and prevention: a systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Van Eetvelde","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Exp. Orthop."},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2022-070904","article-title":"Reporting guideline for the early stage clinical evaluation of decision support systems driven by artificial intelligence: DECIDE-AI","volume":"377","author":"Vasey","year":"2022","journal-title":"bmj"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/35724","article-title":"Fast healthcare interoperability resources (FHIR) for interoperability in health research: systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Vorisek","year":"2022","journal-title":"JMIR Med. Inf."},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsacl.2022.02.002","article-title":"Clinical lipidomics \u2013 A community-driven roadmap to translate research into clinical applications","volume":"24","author":"Vvedenskaya","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mass Spectrom. Adv. Clin. Lab."},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186345","DOI":"10.1007\/s11704-024-40231-1","article-title":"A survey on large language model based autonomous agents","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-024-01248-9","article-title":"Effects of artificial intelligence implementation on efficiency in medical imaging\u2014a systematic literature review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Wenderott","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Digital Med."},{"key":"B177","unstructured":"World Health Organization\n          Global Strategy on Digital Health 2020-2027\n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160018","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2016.18","article-title":"The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship: Comment","volume":"3","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-024-01177-7","article-title":"Recommendations to advance digital health equity: a systematic review of qualitative studies","volume":"7","author":"Wilson","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Digital Med."},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjhci-2019-100083","article-title":"Investigation of wearable health tracker version updates","volume":"26","author":"Woolley","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Health Care Inform."},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2023.117066","article-title":"Mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomics in clinical applications","volume":"163","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2153-0602.1000163","article-title":"Causal inference in the age of decision medicine","volume":"6","author":"Yazdani","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Data Min. Genom. proteom."},{"key":"B183","first-page":"43","article-title":"Feasibility of using an armband optical heart rate sensor in naturalistic environment","author":"Yu","year":"2022"},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40101-020-0214-1","article-title":"Differences in pulse rate variability with measurement site","volume":"39","author":"Yuda","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Anthropol."},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8081","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-52310-9","article-title":"A metabolomic profile of biological aging in 250,341 individuals from the UK Biobank","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-025-01651-w","article-title":"Leveraging long context in retrieval augmented language models for medical question answering","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Digital Med."},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patter.2024.101028","article-title":"Concepts and applications of digital twins in healthcare and medicine","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Patterns"},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1909.08593","article-title":"Fine-tuning language models from human preferences","author":"Ziegler","year":"2020"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Physiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2026.1883295\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T10:43:39Z","timestamp":1789987419000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2026.1883295\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"references-count":188,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphys.2026.1883295"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2026.1883295","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-042X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-042X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"article-number":"1883295"}}