{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T21:27:53Z","timestamp":1791581273497,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Soccer is an open-skill sport in which players must rapidly process visual cues and transform them into appropriate motor actions under changing contextual constraints. Stroboscopic vision training has been proposed as a method for enhancing visuomotor processing and sport-related performance, but its value as an embedded visual constraint within regular soccer-specific training remains unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This single-site, two-arm, parallel-group randomized controlled intervention study examined whether a 6-week stroboscopic vision training program combined with soccer-specific practice could improve visuomotor reaction performance and soccer-specific reactive agility in male collegiate soccer players. Thirty-six players were randomly assigned to either a stroboscopic training group or a non-stroboscopic group, with 18 participants in each group. Both groups completed the same soccer-specific training tasks three times per week. The stroboscopic training group wore Senaptec Strobe eyewear with the stroboscopic mode activated, whereas the non-stroboscopic group wore visually similar clear non-stroboscopic eyewear that did not produce visual occlusion or stroboscopic restriction. Outcome assessors were blinded to group allocation during pre- and post-intervention testing. Simple motor time, simple lower-limb visuomotor reaction time, complex reaction speed, with-ball reactive agility time, and without-ball reactive agility time were assessed before and after the intervention. Intervention effects were primarily evaluated using linear mixed-effects models with group, time, and group \u00d7 time interaction as fixed effects and participant ID as a random intercept. Training experience and weekly training time were included as covariates. ANCOVA was also conducted as an adjusted analysis, with post-test values as dependent variables and corresponding pre-test values and training-related variables as covariates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The linear mixed-effects models showed significant group \u00d7 time interactions for all five outcomes, indicating greater pre-to-post improvements in the stroboscopic training group than in the non-stroboscopic group. Compared with the non-stroboscopic group, the stroboscopic training group showed larger reductions in simple motor time, simple lower-limb visuomotor reaction time, complex reaction speed, with-ball reactive agility time, and without-ball reactive agility time. The ANCOVA results were consistent with the primary analysis, showing significantly lower adjusted post-intervention values in the stroboscopic training group across all outcomes after controlling for baseline performance, training experience, and weekly training time. These findings suggest that adding stroboscopic vision training to soccer-specific practice may provide additional short-term benefits in visuomotor reaction efficiency and soccer-specific reactive agility.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared with the same soccer-specific training performed with visually similar clear non-stroboscopic eyewear, adding stroboscopic vision training may further improve visuomotor reaction efficiency and soccer-specific reactive agility in male collegiate soccer players. This approach may be used as an auxiliary strategy for developing soccer-specific reactive ability, although further studies are required to determine whether these gains are retained over time and transferred to match play.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2026.1897512","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T04:20:42Z","timestamp":1784521242000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of stroboscopic vision training on visuomotor reaction and soccer-specific reactive agility in male collegiate soccer players: a randomized controlled intervention study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Congcong","family":"Weng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Military Training, Jiaxing University","place":["Jiaxing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongxu","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sports Science and Physical Education, Tsinghua University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiushen","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University","place":["Changsha, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saijun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Jiaxing Nanhu University","place":["Jiaxing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jieru","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Minnan Normal University","place":["Zhangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiayu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Hubei University","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18115883","article-title":"Speed, change of direction speed and reactive agility in adolescent soccer players: Age related differences","volume":"18","author":"Andra\u0161i\u0107","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-012-0344-6","article-title":"Stroboscopic visual training improves information encoding in short-term memory","volume":"74","author":"Appelbaum","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atten Percept. Psychophys"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1080\/1750984X.2016.1266376","article-title":"Sports vision training: A review of the state-of-the-art in digital training techniques","volume":"11","author":"Appelbaum","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Sport Exercise Psychol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1080\/24733938.2020.1862420","article-title":"The effect of stroboscopic vision on performance in a football specific assessment","volume":"5","author":"Beavan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Med. Football"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk9020092","article-title":"Role of sport vision in performance: systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Buscemi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol."},{"key":"B6","volume-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"1988"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s13102-025-01459-x","article-title":"The effects of stroboscopic vision training on physical performance in athletes: A systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Dingirdan Gultekinler","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Sports Sci. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.10010","article-title":"Cortical sources of the early components of the visual evoked potential hum","volume":"15","author":"Di Russo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1068\/p3323","article-title":"Do expertise and the degree of perception\u2014action coupling affect natural anticipatory performance","volume":"32","author":"Farrow","year":"2003","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","article-title":"G*power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences","volume":"39","author":"Faul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2007.00602","article-title":"Influence of cognitive control and mismatch on the N2 component of the ERP: a review","volume":"45","author":"Folstein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1080\/23279095.2023.2243358","article-title":"Repeated stroboscopic vision training improves anticipation skill without changing perceptual-cognitive skills in soccer players","volume":"32","author":"Fortes","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Neuropsychol. Adult"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3054132","article-title":"Spatio-temporal analysis of team sports -- a survey","volume":"50","author":"Gudmundsson","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.53555\/AJBR.v28i1S.6148","article-title":"A study on senaptec strobe stroboscopic visual training impact on football players foot reaction time","volume":"28","author":"Jothi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Afr. J. Biomed. Res."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2021.1887366","article-title":"Processing visual information in elite junior soccer players: Effects of chronological age and training experience on visual perception, attention, and decision making","volume":"22","author":"Klatt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1515\/hukin-2015-0051","article-title":"The efficiency of a visual skills training program on visual search performance","volume":"46","author":"Krzepota","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hum. Kinet."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1750065","article-title":"The effects of stroboscopic visual training on coordination, change-of-direction, and decision-making performance in collegiate basketball players","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25151","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-10393-4","article-title":"Effects of stroboscopic visual training on reaction time and movement accuracy in collegiate athletes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Luo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk9030147","article-title":"The impact of perception\u2013action training devices on quickness and reaction time in female volleyball players","volume":"9","author":"Mancini","year":"2024","journal-title":"JFMK"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.29.4.457","article-title":"Perceptual-cognitive expertise in sport: A meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Mann","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/sports4010001","article-title":"Effects of video-based visual training on decision-making and reactive agility in adolescent football players","volume":"4","author":"Nimmerichter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sports"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.20338\/bjmb.v16i3.310","article-title":"An exploratory study on the effect of a four-week stroboscopic vision training program on soccer dribbling performance","volume":"16","author":"Palmer","year":"2022","journal-title":"BJMB"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-015-0428-2","article-title":"Agility in team sports: testing, training and factors affecting performance","volume":"46","author":"Paul","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-014-0287-2","article-title":"The science of badminton: game characteristics, anthropometry, physiology, visual fitness and biomechanics","volume":"45","author":"Phomsoupha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00506","article-title":"Importance of reactive agility and change of direction speed in differentiating performance levels in junior soccer players: Reliability and validity of newly developed soccer-specific tests","volume":"9","author":"Pojskic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.35.2.144","article-title":"Perceptual-cognitive skills and their interaction as a function of task constraints in soccer","volume":"35","author":"Roca","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1080\/026404102317284826","article-title":"Visual search, anticipation and expertise in soccer goalkeepers","volume":"20","author":"Savelsbergh","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410500457109","article-title":"Agility literature review: Classifications, training and testing","volume":"24","author":"Sheppard","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"B29","first-page":"501","article-title":"Reactive agility performance in handball; development and evaluation of a sport-specific measurement protocol","volume":"14","author":"Spasic","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci. Med."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200535060-00004","article-title":"Physiology of soccer","volume":"35","author":"St\u00f8len","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.748930","article-title":"Intermittent visual occlusions increase balance training effectiveness","volume":"16","author":"Symeonidou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/sports13110400","article-title":"Application of the vienna test system to measure training-induced changes in choice reaction time in U20 fencers: A 12-week training program pilot study","volume":"13","author":"Teteris","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sports"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17113839","article-title":"The importance of reactive agility tests in differentiating adolescent soccer players","volume":"17","author":"Trajkovi\u0107","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.29.2.147","article-title":"The effects of task constraints on visual search behavior and decision-making skill in youth soccer players","volume":"29","author":"Vaeyens","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1697425","article-title":"Effects of stroboscopic visual training on reaction time and decision-making ability in athletes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1080\/1750984X.2019.1582081","article-title":"An early review of stroboscopic visual training: Insights, challenges and accomplishments to guide future studies","volume":"13","author":"Wilkins","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Sport Exercise Psychol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.2466\/22.25.PMS.121c11x0","article-title":"Effects of stroboscopic visual training on visual attention, motion perception, and catching performance","volume":"121","author":"Wilkins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Percept. Mot. Skills"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2009.05.006","article-title":"Analysis of a reactive agility field test","volume":"13","author":"Young","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.15213","article-title":"Effects of in-situ stroboscopic training on visual, visuomotor and reactive agility in youth volleyball players","volume":"11","author":"Zwierko","year":"2023","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s13102-024-00848-y","article-title":"Effects of six-week stroboscopic training program on visuomotor reaction speed in goal-directed movements in young volleyball players: A study focusing on agility performance","volume":"16","author":"Zwierko","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Sports Sci. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1798","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsc.12224","article-title":"Enhancing reactive agility in soccer: The impact of stroboscopic eyewear during warm\u2010up across fatigued and non\u2010fatigued conditions","volume":"24","author":"Zwierko","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Physiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2026.1897512\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T04:20:44Z","timestamp":1784521244000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2026.1897512\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphys.2026.1897512"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2026.1897512","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-042X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-042X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"article-number":"1897512"}}