{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T11:20:15Z","timestamp":1787743215105,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Complex interactions obscure the behavior of the glucose regulation processes as a system, hampering advances in diabetes care. We synthesized the current understandings of pancreatic hormones, glucose transporters, and glycogen metabolism into a\n                    <jats:italic>model structure<\/jats:italic>\n                    of biochemical reactions and mass transport. The model structure was then used as a\n                    <jats:italic>soft sensor<\/jats:italic>\n                    or filter to computationally extract system characteristics (model coefficients) from experimental measurements. Changes in coefficient values were analyzed to observe system differences among non-obese (n=18), obese (n=18), and type 2 diabetic (n=16) individuals under three conditions: none, morning, and post-dinner exercise. The model structure captures the major kinetics in blood glucose, insulin, and glucagon and the extracted coefficient values revealed metabolic differences and impairments. Relative to the non-obese group, the obese group showed impaired glucagon clearance (47% reduction) and reduced insulin sensitivity for glycogenesis, while the diabetic group exhibited elevated glucagon sensitivity (2.4-fold increase) and an aberrant effect of glycogen on glycogenolysis, which was associated with dysregulated hepatic glucose production and rising glucose during fasting. Parameter sensitivity analysis identified insulin clearance as a dominant factor in endogenous glucose production and fasting glucose level. Exercise effects varied: post-dinner exercise enhanced hepatic glycogen synthesis and hepatic sensitivity to glucose in non-obese individuals, while morning exercise improved muscle glucose uptake in the groups with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Derivation of the model structure and its application as a soft sensor elucidate the complex metabolic interactions underlying diabetes and provide a method to generate hypothesis for future research.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2026.1907805","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T10:36:52Z","timestamp":1787740612000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Aberrant hepatic glycogenolysis and elevated insulin clearance can lead to major glucose irregularities in type 2 diabetes: insights from system identification"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Chengcheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Food, Nutrition & Exercise Sciences, University of Missouri","place":["Columbia, MO, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jill A.","family":"Kanaley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Food, Nutrition & Exercise Sciences, University of Missouri","place":["Columbia, MO, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junqing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Food, Nutrition & Exercise Sciences, University of Missouri","place":["Columbia, MO, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinglu","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Food, Nutrition & Exercise Sciences, University of Missouri","place":["Columbia, MO, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0248280","article-title":"Modelling glucose dynamics during moderate exercise in individuals with type 1 diabetes","volume":"16","author":"Alkhateeb","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-1826","article-title":"Effects of type 2 diabetes on insulin secretion, insulin action, glucose effectiveness, and postprandial glucose metabolism","volume":"32","author":"Basu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1136\/jim-52-06-30","article-title":"Effects of type 2 diabetes on the regulation of hepatic glucose metabolism","volume":"52","author":"Basu","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Invest. Med."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-6670(17)65505-8","article-title":"Identification of a minimal model of glucose disappearance for estimating insulin sensitivity","volume":"12","author":"Bergman","year":"1979","journal-title":"IFAC Proc. Volumes"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s10719-015-9631-5","article-title":"Liver glycogen in type 2 diabetic mice is randomly branched as enlarged aggregates with blunted glucose release","volume":"33","author":"Besford","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glycoconjugate J."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-142-6-200503150-00006","article-title":"Effect of a low-carbohydrate diet on appetite, blood glucose levels, and insulin resistance in obese patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"142","author":"Boden","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Internal Med."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00386.2005","article-title":"Role of exercise in reducing the risk of diabetes and obesity","volume":"99","author":"Booth","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S83","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.2007.s83","article-title":"Triggering and augmentation mechanisms, granule pools, and biphasic insulin secretion","volume":"51","author":"Bratanova-Tochkova","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm782","article-title":"Regulated transport of the glucose transporter GLUT4","volume":"3","author":"Bryant","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.48.5.1198","article-title":"Control of glucose uptake and release by the liver in vivo","volume":"48","author":"Cherrington","year":"1999","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E263","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1979.236.3.e263","article-title":"Importance of hypoglycemia-induced glucose production during isolated glucagon deficiency","volume":"236","author":"Cherrington","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1056\/nejm199907223410404","article-title":"Impaired glucose transport as a cause of decreased insulin-stimulated muscle glycogen synthesis in type 2 diabetes","volume":"341","author":"Cline","year":"1999","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.2337\/db13-1198","article-title":"The oral minimal model method","volume":"63","author":"Cobelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1038\/378785a0","article-title":"IInhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 by insulin mediated by protein kinase B","volume":"378","author":"Cross","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4350","article-title":"Insulin action and resistance in obesity and type 2 diabetes","volume":"23","author":"Czech","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B16","first-page":"3769","article-title":"Mixed meal simulation model of glucose-insulin system","author":"Dalla Man","year":"2006"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2005.083170","article-title":"Exercise in the fasted state facilitates fibre type-specific intramyocellular lipid breakdown and stimulates glycogen resynthesis in humans","volume":"564","author":"De Bock","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Physiology-London"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S157","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-s302","article-title":"Skeletal muscle insulin resistance is the primary defect in type 2 diabetes","volume":"32","author":"DeFronzo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1462","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.90444.2008","article-title":"Mathematical models of diabetes progression","volume":"295","author":"De Gaetano","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s10719-015-9578-6","article-title":"Molecular structure of glycogen in diabetic liver","volume":"32","author":"Deng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glycoconjugate J."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1210\/er.19.5.608","article-title":"Insulin degradation: Progress and potential","volume":"19","author":"Duckworth","year":"1998","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"B22","volume-title":"Numerical Methods for Engineers and Scientists Using Matlab\u00ae Second Edition","author":"Esfandiari","year":"2017"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-81265-1_28","article-title":"Regulation of gluconeogenesis by glucocorticoids","volume":"12","author":"Exton","year":"1979","journal-title":"Monogr. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S15","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2009.383","article-title":"Improved insulin sensitivity after exercise: focus on insulin signaling","volume":"17","author":"Frosig","year":"2009","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2950329","article-title":"The glucose transporter family: structure, function and tissue-specific expression","volume":"295","author":"Gould","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2013.11.019","article-title":"Glucose regulation of glucagon secretion","volume":"103","author":"Gylfe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.601894","article-title":"When MINMOD artifactually interprets strong insulin secretion as weak insulin action","volume":"12","author":"Ha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E410","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00512.2019","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes: one disease, many pathways","volume":"319","author":"Ha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199825040-00003","article-title":"Strategies to enhance fat utilisation during exercise","volume":"25","author":"Hawley","year":"1998","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.49.11.1751","article-title":"Triggering and amplifying pathways of regulation of insulin secretion by glucose","volume":"49","author":"Henquin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2007.03.006","article-title":"The GLUT4 glucose transporter","volume":"5","author":"Huang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coemr.2022.100379","article-title":"Mathematical modelling of glucose dynamics","volume":"25","author":"Huard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Endocr. Metab. Res."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2017.05.002","article-title":"Update on GLUT4 vesicle traffic: A cornerstone of insulin action","volume":"28","author":"Jaldin-Fincati","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1038\/333183a0","article-title":"Insulin-regulatable tissues express a unique insulin-sensitive glucose transport protein","volume":"333","author":"James","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2011.224972","article-title":"Regulation of glucose and glycogen metabolism during and after exercise","volume":"590","author":"Jensen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Physiology-London"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.01.088","article-title":"Insulin resistance, the metabolic syndrome, and risk of incident cardiovascular disease - A population-based study","volume":"49","author":"Jeppesen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6447","DOI":"10.1113\/jp285069","article-title":"Temporal optimization of exercise to lower fasting glucose levels","volume":"602","author":"Kanaley","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E65","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1986.251.1.e65","article-title":"Leg glucose uptake during maximal dynamic exercise in humans","volume":"251","author":"Katz","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11369","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.rev119.008351","article-title":"Thirty sweet years of GLUT4","volume":"294","author":"Klip","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-55418-0","article-title":"Effects of seven days' fasting on physical performance and metabolic adaptation during exercise in humans","volume":"16","author":"Kolnes","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1090\/qam\/10666","article-title":"A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares","volume":"2","author":"Levenberg","year":"1944","journal-title":"Q. Appl. Math."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2006.04.002","article-title":"Modeling the glucose-insulin regulatory system and ultradian insulin secretory oscillations with two explicit time delays","volume":"242","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"B43","article-title":"Modelling adipose tissue production and the development of obesity","author":"Maas","year":"2006"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1109\/tbme.2007.893506","article-title":"Meal simulation model of the glucose-insulin system","volume":"54","author":"Man","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1515\/jtim-2016-0027","article-title":"Management of hospitalized type 2 diabetes mellitus patients","volume":"4","author":"Marin-Penalver","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Transl. Int. Med."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.6.1649","article-title":"Pulsatile insulin secretion dictates systemic insulin delivery by regulating hepatic insulin extraction in humans","volume":"54","author":"Meier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(99)76982-1","article-title":"The fractal structure of glycogen: A clever solution to optimize cell metabolism","volume":"77","author":"Mel\u00e9ndez","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001335","article-title":"Leisure time physical activity of moderate to vigorous intensity and mortality: a large pooled cohort analysis","volume":"9","author":"Moore","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS Med."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.611147","article-title":"Mathematical model of glucagon kinetics for the assessment of insulin-mediated glucagon inhibition during an oral glucose tolerance test","volume":"12","author":"Morettini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-201x.2003.01165.x","article-title":"Regulation of glycogen synthase in skeletal muscle during exercise","volume":"178","author":"Nielsen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Scand."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2024.01.027","article-title":"An in-depth exploration of new clinical and prognostic characteristics of decompensated cirrhosis patterns","volume":"81","author":"Ning","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa031314","article-title":"Impaired mitochondrial activity in the insulin-resistant offspring of patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"350","author":"Petersen","year":"2004","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.33.5.486","article-title":"C-peptide as a measure of the secretion and hepatic extraction of insulin. Pitfalls and limitations","volume":"33","author":"Polonsky","year":"1984","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1172\/jci34275","article-title":"Contribution of de novo fatty acid synthesis to hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance: lessons from genetically engineered mice","volume":"118","author":"Postic","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00038.2012","article-title":"Exercise, GLUT4, and skeletal muscle glucose uptake","volume":"93","author":"Richter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1042\/bj20111416","article-title":"Glycogen and its metabolism: some new developments and old themes","volume":"441","author":"Roach","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2016.6","article-title":"Pancreatic regulation of glucose homeostasis","volume":"48","author":"R\u00f6der","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E380","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1993.265.3.e380","article-title":"Regulation of endogenous fat and carbohydrate metabolism in relation to exercise intensity and duration","volume":"265","author":"Romijn","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1038\/341233a0","article-title":"Glucose-inhibition of glucagon secretion involves activation of GABAA-receptor chloride channels","volume":"341","author":"Rorsman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1038\/414799a","article-title":"Insulin signalling and the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism","volume":"414","author":"Saltiel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-018-4767-z","article-title":"Afternoon exercise is more efficacious than morning exercise at improving blood glucose levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a randomised crossover trial","volume":"62","author":"Savikj","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1056\/nejm199907223410406","article-title":"Glucose transporters and insulin action: Implications for insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus","volume":"341","author":"Shepherd","year":"1999","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1023\/b:remd.0000021431.90494.0c","article-title":"The role of the liver in type 2 diabetes","volume":"5","author":"Staehr","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2016.162","article-title":"Exercise-stimulated glucose uptake - regulation and implications for glycaemic control","volume":"13","author":"Sylow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-02613-7_6","article-title":"Direct assessment of liver glycogen storage by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and regulation of glucose homeostasis after a mixed meal in normal subjects","volume":"97","author":"Taylor","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2018.00288","article-title":"Physical activity, inactivity, and sedentary behaviors: definitions and implications in occupational health","volume":"6","author":"Thivel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E141","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00712.2009","article-title":"Glucose transporters in the 21st century","volume":"298","author":"Thorens","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1006\/jtbi.2000.2150","article-title":"A model of \u03b2-cell mass, insulin, and glucose kinetics: Pathways to diabetes","volume":"206","author":"Topp","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.me.28.020177.001003","article-title":"The role of glucagon in the endogenous hyperglycemia of diabetes mellitus","volume":"28","author":"Unger","year":"1977","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-011-2380-5","article-title":"Both resistance- and endurance-type exercise reduce the prevalence of hyperglycaemia in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance and in insulin-treated and non-insulin-treated type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"55","author":"van Dijk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12717","article-title":"Impaired insulin clearance as a cause rather than a consequence of insulin resistance","volume":"8","author":"Watada","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Invest."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2236","DOI":"10.1172\/jci79895","article-title":"Hepatic glycogen can regulate hypoglycemic counterregulation via a liver-brain axis","volume":"126","author":"Winnick","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-201x.2003.01151.x","article-title":"Insulin signalling: effects of prior exercise","volume":"178","author":"Wojtaszewski","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Scand."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1624878","article-title":"Metabolomics uncovers the diabetes metabolic network: from pathophysiological mechanisms to clinical applications","volume":"16","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v18.i3.116233","article-title":"Advances in artificial intelligence for imaging-based diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"18","author":"Zhou","year":"2026","journal-title":"World J. Hepatol."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250051457","article-title":"Insulin action and insulin resistance in human skeletal muscle","volume":"43","author":"Zierath","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetologia"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Physiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2026.1907805\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T10:36:54Z","timestamp":1787740614000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2026.1907805\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"references-count":76,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphys.2026.1907805"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2026.1907805","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-042X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-042X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"article-number":"1907805"}}