{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T06:30:25Z","timestamp":1786516225390,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n Prostaglandin E2 (PGE\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n ) is an important local mediator in the urinary bladder, where it contributes to the regulation of detrusor excitability and is implicated in pathological conditions such as overactive bladder. Although previous studies have shown that exogenous PGE enhances bladder contractile activity, its effects on calcium signaling in individual detrusor smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and its interaction with cholinergic stimulation remain incompletely understood.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Acute detrusor tissue slices were prepared from adult female NMRI mice and loaded with the calcium indicator Calbryte 520 AM. Confocal calcium imaging was used to quantify spontaneous and stimulated intracellular Ca\n 2+<\/jats:sup>\n activity in individual SMCs. The effects of PGE\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n alone and in combination with increasing concentrations of carbachol (CCh) were assessed by measuring oscillation active time, frequency, and duration of Ca\u00b2\n +<\/jats:sup>\n events. Tissue contractions were evaluated by visual inspection of image sequences.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n PGE\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n increased spontaneous Ca\n 2+<\/jats:sup>\n activity in detrusor SMCs, as reflected by a significant increase in active time due to increases in oscillation frequency, while oscillation duration remained unchanged. PGE\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n also recruited additional SMCs into an active state and induced localized tissue contractions. In the presence of PGE\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n , lower concentrations of CCh evoked greater Ca\u00b2\n +<\/jats:sup>\n activity than under control conditions, suggesting that PGE\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n increased baseline detrusor excitability and reduced the additional cholinergic input required to evoke detectable Ca\u00b2\n +<\/jats:sup>\n activity. This effect was again mediated predominantly by an increase in oscillation frequency rather than duration. At the tissue level, PGE\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n enhanced CCh-induced contractility and shifted generalized contractions to lower CCh concentrations.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n PGE\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n acts as a local excitatory modulator of mouse detrusor smooth muscle, increasing spontaneous Ca\n 2+<\/jats:sup>\n activity and sensitizing the tissue to cholinergic stimulation. These effects are associated primarily with frequency-based modulation of Ca\n 2+<\/jats:sup>\n oscillations and may represent a cellular mechanism contributing to detrusor overactivity under conditions of increased prostaglandin signaling.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2026.1910107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T05:54:41Z","timestamp":1786514081000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prostaglandin E2 modulates contractility of mouse bladder smooth muscle cells"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Rok","family":"\u0160umak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Gynaecology and Urogynaecology, Clinic for Gynaecology and Perinatology, University Medical Centre Maribor","place":["Maribor, Slovenia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Igor","family":"But","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gynecology Clinic But, UGB","place":["Maribor, Slovenia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andra\u017e","family":"Sto\u017eer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor","place":["Maribor, Slovenia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jurij","family":"Dolen\u0161ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor","place":["Maribor, Slovenia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamara","family":"Serdin\u0161ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Gynaecology and Urogynaecology, Clinic for Gynaecology and Perinatology, University Medical Centre Maribor","place":["Maribor, Slovenia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S82","DOI":"10.4111\/icu.2017.58.S2.S82","article-title":"Pathophysiology of the underactive bladder","volume":"58","author":"Aizawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Investig. 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