{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T09:31:51Z","timestamp":1792661511751,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Heat stress (HS) is a significant economic, welfare, and production burden to worldwide poultry production sustainability. Therefore, effective and sustainable mitigating strategies are needed. Driven by consumer\u2019s changing preferences and demand for natural products, microalgae have attracted substantial attention from the poultry industry and have become the fastest growing segment of animal feed additives, yet their modes of action are still not well defined. This study aimed to determine the effect of\n                    <jats:italic>Arthrospira platensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>Spirulina<\/jats:italic>\n                    , SP) on growth performance in heat-stressed broilers and to delineate its underlying mechanisms by using\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    studies. Six hundred one-day old male Cobb500 chicks were randomly allocated to 12 environmental chambers (2 floor pens\/chamber, 24 pens in total, 25 birds\/pen) and fed two diets (standard control diet, C\n                    <jats:italic>vs. SP<\/jats:italic>\n                    -supplemented diet at 0.5% inclusion rate). On day 29, birds were exposed for two weeks to 2 environmental conditions (thermoneutral, TN, 24\u00b0C vs. cyclic HS 36\u00b0C, 8h\/day). Growth performances, carcass parameters, and muscle myopathy incidences were determined. Chicken primary embryonic myoblasts (CPEM) were isolated, cultured, and treated with either benzoic acid (BA) or quercetin (QCT)-compounds abundant in\n                    <jats:italic>SP<\/jats:italic>\n                    - prior to a 6-h exposure to HS (45\u00b0C) or control conditions (37\u00b0C). Gene and protein expressions involved in protein proteostasis network (synthesis, degradation, and chaperonin) were measured by qPCR, immunoblot, and immunofluorescence. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey test, and significance was set at\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00.05. Heat stress significantly increased core body temperature (CBT) and water intake and depressed feed intake and growth performance in broilers. In-feed\n                    <jats:italic>SP<\/jats:italic>\n                    supplementation reduced CBT, improved water conversion ratio (WCR) by 36.5 points, and enhanced breast yield, without affecting muscle (woody breast and white striping) myopathies. Supplementation of\n                    <jats:italic>SP<\/jats:italic>\n                    significantly increased the phosphorylated levels of mTOR\n                    <jats:sup>Ser2481<\/jats:sup>\n                    , mTOR\n                    <jats:sup>Ser2448<\/jats:sup>\n                    , and S6K\n                    <jats:sup>Thr421\/Ser424<\/jats:sup>\n                    , decreased p-eIF2\u03b1\n                    <jats:sup>Ser51<\/jats:sup>\n                    , ubiquitin, and HSP60\/90 in heat-stressed broilers. Treatments of CPEM with BA or QCT recapitulated the effects of\n                    <jats:italic>SP<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Collectively, supplementation of\n                    <jats:italic>SP<\/jats:italic>\n                    enhanced breast yield in heat-stressed broilers through modulation of proteostasis network by enhancing protein synthesis (mTOR-S6K-eIF2\u03b1 pathway), reducing protein degradation (ubiquitin machinery), and regulating chaperonins.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2026.1912121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T04:42:24Z","timestamp":1788928944000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["In-feed Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis supplementation enhances breast yield in heat-stressed broilers through modulation of proteostasis network"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Lulu","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas","place":["Fayetteville, AR, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brooklee M.","family":"Roach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas","place":["Fayetteville, AR, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed E.","family":"Dhamad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, College of Science, Wasit University","place":["Wasit, Iraq"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reagan","family":"Sims","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Sciences, Texas State University","place":["San Marcos, TX, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rohana","family":"Liyanage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas","place":["Fayetteville, AR, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael T.","family":"Kidd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas","place":["Fayetteville, AR, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Bottje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas","place":["Fayetteville, AR, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth S.","family":"Greene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas","place":["Fayetteville, AR, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sami","family":"Dridi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas","place":["Fayetteville, AR, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.36956\/rwae.v6i1.1441","article-title":"Challenges of ensuring sustainable poultry meat production and economic resilience under climate change for achieving sustainable food security","volume":"6","author":"Abbas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Res. 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