{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T05:07:50Z","timestamp":1789103270169,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) serves as the obligate electron donor for cytochrome P450 enzymes and is essential for xenobiotic metabolism and detoxification. However, its involvement in insecticide resistance of\n                    <jats:italic>Aphis spiraecola<\/jats:italic>\n                    remains unclear. In this study, the open reading frame (ORF) of the\n                    <jats:italic>A. spiraecola CPR<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene was cloned and characterized. qRT-PCR analysis revealed that\n                    <jats:italic>AsCPR<\/jats:italic>\n                    was most abundantly expressed in apterous adults of the susceptible (SS), imidacloprid-resistant (IM-R) and lambda-cyhalothrin-resistant (LC-R) strains, with higher transcript levels in the hemolymph and midgut. In different strains,\n                    <jats:italic>AsCPR<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression was stably induced by both imidacloprid and lambda-cyhalothrin, with induction levels ranging from 1.21 to 4.9-fold. Furthermore, SPc-mediated RNAi of\n                    <jats:italic>AsCPR<\/jats:italic>\n                    achieved silencing efficiencies exceeding 40% at 12\u00a0h post-injection in both resistant strains. This knockdown significantly reduced P450 enzyme activity by 18.4% in the IM-R strain and 16.6% in the LC-R strain. Accordingly, the sensitivities of the IM-R strain to imidacloprid and the LC-R strain to lambda-cyhalothrin were significantly increased, with LC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    values decreasing by 57.6% and 49.8%, respectively, compared with the ds\n                    <jats:italic>GFP<\/jats:italic>\n                    control group. Finally, the recombinant AsCPR protein was expressed\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and its activity was assessed. The results indicate that AsCPR plays a key role in the development of multi-resistance of\n                    <jats:italic>A. spiraecola<\/jats:italic>\n                    to pyrethroid and neonicotinoid insecticides.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2026.1944804","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T04:33:16Z","timestamp":1789101196000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase involved in the multi-resistance of Aphis spiraecola to imidacloprid and lambda-cyhalothrin"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Shuo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University","place":["Xianyang, Shaanxi, China"]},{"name":"Provincial Center for Bio-Pesticide Engineering, Northwest A&F University","place":["Xianyang, Shaanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University","place":["Xianyang, Shaanxi, China"]},{"name":"Provincial Center for Bio-Pesticide Engineering, Northwest A&F University","place":["Xianyang, Shaanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University","place":["Xianyang, Shaanxi, China"]},{"name":"Provincial Center for Bio-Pesticide Engineering, Northwest A&F University","place":["Xianyang, Shaanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University","place":["Xianyang, Shaanxi, China"]},{"name":"Provincial Center for Bio-Pesticide Engineering, Northwest A&F University","place":["Xianyang, Shaanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenrong","family":"Xian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University","place":["Xining, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University","place":["Xianyang, Shaanxi, China"]},{"name":"Provincial Center for Bio-Pesticide Engineering, Northwest A&F University","place":["Xianyang, Shaanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hainan","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University","place":["Xining, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiqing","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University","place":["Xianyang, Shaanxi, China"]},{"name":"Provincial Center for Bio-Pesticide Engineering, Northwest A&F University","place":["Xianyang, Shaanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymben.2023.05.007","article-title":"Improving the soluble expression of difficult-to-express proteins in prokaryotic expression system via protein engineering and synthetic biology strategies","volume":"78","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Metab. 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