{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T11:03:05Z","timestamp":1789988585725,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":245,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Optimizing astronaut mission readiness is a multidisciplinary endeavor that should integrate concepts from aerospace medicine, human performance, sports science, nutrition, and engineering. Situating astronauts within a theoretical framework similar to that of operational athletes, while addressing top human systems capability needs outlined for future missions, may be optimal for promoting sustained health and performance before, during, and after missions to low-Earth orbit, the lunar surface, and Mars. Mission readiness can be optimized by enhancing physiological and behavioral\/psychological performance through data-driven and individualized exercise countermeasures, health and performance monitoring, precision nutrition, and rehabilitation strategies. Appropriate and stable space food systems that facilitate adequate provision of nutrients and fluids to prime astronauts for mission-critical tasks and operational demands are needed, though research is needed into potential nutritional considerations that might be useful for future missions. Behavioral readiness programs should emphasize stress inoculation, adaptive decision-making, communication, Earth-independent operation functionality, conflict resolution, leadership, and team-based problem-solving before flight to promote healthy team dynamics in-flight, along with proper society reintegration and uptake of family and occupational roles post-flight. Exercise remains an essential countermeasure during spaceflight, with an emphasis on maximizing fitness before launch to mitigate in-flight declines and on maintaining fitness levels and functionality during flight through high-intensity multimodal exercise. Following return to Earth, rehabilitative programs serve to restore cardiovascular, sensorimotor, and skeletal function, followed by enhancing skill-based performance components through a phase-based training program. Continuous monitoring systems that provide insight into health, performance, sleep, cognitive, nutritional, and recovery status should enable data-driven decision-making on physical readiness across all mission phases. By integrating insight from multiple disciplines, this unifying approach delivers a theoretical framework for sustaining astronaut health and performance during extended-duration missions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2026.1950155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T10:40:13Z","timestamp":1789987213000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spaceflight human optimization and performance: positioning astronauts in an operational framework to promote health, fitness, and mission readiness"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Broderick L.","family":"Dickerson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise and Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University","place":["College Station, TX, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Drew E.","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise and Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University","place":["College Station, TX, United States"]},{"name":"Occupational, Performance, and Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology, Sam Houston State University","place":["Huntsville, TX, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Comfort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate of Psychology and Sport, University of Salford","place":["Salford, United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Strength and Power Research Group, School of Medical and Health Science, Edith Cowan University","place":["Joondalup, WA, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John G.","family":"Hardy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Johnson Space Center","place":["Houston, TX, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly E.","family":"Hines","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Responder Human Performance Laboratory, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo","place":["Buffalo, NY, United States"]},{"name":"CoachMePlus","place":["Buffalo, NY, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle N.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Air Force, Johnson Space Center","place":["Houston, TX, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy R.","family":"Macaulay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Johnson Space Center","place":["Houston, TX, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Stankovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Space Medicine Research, Massachusetts General Hospital","place":["Boston, MA, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School","place":["Boston, MA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corey A.","family":"Twine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KBR Wyle Services, LLC., Johnson Space Center","place":["Houston, TX, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","article-title":"NASA-STD-3001 technical brief OCHMO-TB-19: orthostatic intolerance","year":"2023","DOI":"10.32388\/u1im4o"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2024.11.001","article-title":"NASA's top human system research and technology needs for Mars","volume":"228","author":"Abercromby","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1519\/13573.1","article-title":"The effects of acute creatine supplementation on multiple sprint cycling and running performance in rugby players","volume":"19","author":"Ahmun","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Strength Conditioning Res."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15071508","article-title":"The effects of high-intensity interval training vs. moderate-intensity continuous training on heart rate variability in physically inactive adults","volume":"15","author":"Alansare","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.61838\/kman.intjssh.1.3.2","article-title":"Effect of 8-week resistance training with creatine supplementation on body composition and physical fitness indexes in male futsal players","author":"Amirsasan","year":"2018"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-021-00412-w","article-title":"Common questions and misconceptions about creatine supplementation: What does the scientific evidence really show","volume":"18","author":"Antonio","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc Sports Nutr."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2004.03.004","article-title":"Deleteriuos effects of immobilization upon rat skeletal muscle: Role of creatine supplementation","volume":"23","author":"Aoki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"B8","unstructured":"Commitment to Interprofessional Education and Practice\n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2648","article-title":"Stress signalling pathways that impair prefrontal cortex structure and function","volume":"10","author":"Arnsten","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2005.07.003","article-title":"Nutritional aspects of manganese homeostasis","volume":"26","author":"Aschner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Aspects Med."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2018.04.013","article-title":"Effects of creatine supplementation on cognitive function of healthy individuals: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"108","author":"Avgerinos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.47604\/ijf.1024","article-title":"Health benefits of micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) and their associated deficiency diseases: A systematic review","volume":"3","author":"Awuchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Food. Sci."},{"key":"B13","article-title":"Suite ride: spaceflight use of insulin, tests, and equipment developing a suite of medical capabilities to support astronauts with diabetes or other traditionally disqualifying medical conditions","year":"2025"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082400","article-title":"Space flight diet-induced deficiency and response to gravity-free resistive exercise","author":"Baba","year":""},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1017\/cbo9781316422250.026","article-title":"Working memory","volume":"255","author":"Baddeley","year":"1992","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.08.261","article-title":"From the international space station to the clinic: How prolonged unloading may disrupt lumbar spine stability","volume":"18","author":"Bailey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.07.021","article-title":"Biomechanical changes in the lumbar spine following spaceflight and factors associated with postspaceflight disc herniation","volume":"22","author":"Bailey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(14)70122-x","article-title":"Prevalence of sleep deficiency and use of hypnotic drugs in astronauts before, during, and after spaceflight: An observational study","volume":"13","author":"Barger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0093298","article-title":"Psychological and behavioral changes during confinement in a 520-day simulated interplanetary mission to Mars","volume":"9","author":"Basner","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.3357\/amhp.4343.2015","article-title":"Development and validation of the Cognition test battery for spaceflight","volume":"86","author":"Basner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aerosp. Med. Hum. Perform."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/10.3.295","article-title":"Emotion, decision making and the orbitofrontal cortex","volume":"10","author":"Bechara","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118567166.ch25","article-title":"Microalgae for human and animal nutrition","volume-title":"Handbook of Microalgal Culture: Applied Phycology and Biotechnology","author":"Becker","year":"2013"},{"key":"B23","first-page":"4160","article-title":"Considerations for wearable sensors to monitor physical performance during spaceflight intravehicular activities","author":"Bellisle","year":"2020"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S0094-5765(98)00119-2","article-title":"Force and power characteristics of a resistive exercise device for use in space","volume":"42","author":"Berg","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life13030727","article-title":"Prospective use of probiotics to maintain astronaut health during spaceflight","volume":"13","author":"Bharindwal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life. (Basel)"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2015.00129","article-title":"Enhancing astronaut performance using sensorimotor adaptability training","volume":"9","author":"Bloomberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Syst. Neurosci."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-022-01728-6","article-title":"Effect of exercise on energy expenditure and body composition in astronauts onboard the international space station: considerations for interplanetary travel","author":"Bourdier","year":""},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-025-03727-z","article-title":"Comment on: \u2018A multifactorial, evidence-based analysis of pathophysiology in Spaceflight Associated Neuro-Ocular Syndrome (SANS)\u2019","volume":"39","author":"Buckey","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1996.81.1.7","article-title":"Orthostatic intolerance after spaceflight","volume":"81","author":"Buckey","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15092116","article-title":"The effects of creatine supplementation combined with resistance training on regional measures of muscle hypertrophy: A systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Burke","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.3881","article-title":"Effects of long-duration spaceflight on vertebral strength and risk of spine fracture","volume":"35","author":"Burkhart","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18S","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607115595980","article-title":"Functional roles of fatty acids and their effects on human health","volume":"39","author":"Calder","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Parenteral Enteral Nutr."},{"key":"B33","first-page":"185","article-title":"Effect of creatine supplementation during resistance training on muscle accretion in the elderly","volume":"11","author":"Candow","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Nutrition Health Aging"},{"key":"B34","volume-title":"Shared mental models in expert team decision making","author":"Cannon-Bowers","year":"1993"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2021-0515","article-title":"Muscle hypertrophy and strength gains after resistance training with different volume-matched loads: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"Carvalho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S29","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3841.2011.02445.x","article-title":"Assessment of the long\u2010term stability of retort pouch foods to support extended duration spaceflight","volume":"77","author":"Catauro","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19127061","article-title":"Effect of flywheel versus traditional resistance training on change of direction performance in male athletes: A systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Chaabene","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111001","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/acead2","article-title":"The 2023 wearable photoplethysmography roadmap","volume":"44","author":"Charlton","year":"2023","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4334","DOI":"10.1039\/c6ay00644b","article-title":"Human metabolic responses to microgravity simulated in a 45-day 6 degrees head-down tilt bed rest (HDBR) experiment","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1519\/jsc.0000000000004476","article-title":"National Strength and Conditioning Association position statement on weightlifting for sports performance","volume":"37","author":"Comfort","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Strength Conditioning Res."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01496-9","article-title":"Effects of spaceflight on musculoskeletal health: A systematic review and meta-analysis, considerations for interplanetary travel","volume":"51","author":"Comfort","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12020279","article-title":"Unsaturated fatty acids and their immunomodulatory properties","volume":"12","author":"Coniglio","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biology"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R40","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3841.2010.01982.x","article-title":"Developing the NASA food system for long-duration missions","volume":"76","author":"Cooper","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41526-017-0022-z","article-title":"Initial assessment of the nutritional quality of the space food system over three years of ambient storage","volume":"3","author":"Cooper","year":"2017","journal-title":"NPJ Microgravity"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.2165\/11537690-000000000-00000","article-title":"Developing maximal neuromuscular power","volume":"41","author":"Cormie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021420","article-title":"Comprehensive soldier fitness: Building resilience in a challenging institutional context","volume":"66","author":"Cornum","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"B47","unstructured":"Cranford\n              N.\n            \n          \n          Spaceflight Standard Measures: Characterizing How Humans Adapt in Space\n          \n          2023"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2021.07.003","article-title":"Spaceflight validation of technology for point-of-care monitoring of peripheral blood WBC and differential in astronauts during space missions","volume":"31","author":"Crucian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci. Space Res."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-017-0855-3","article-title":"The general adaptation syndrome: A foundation for the concept of periodization","volume":"48","author":"Cunanan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1519\/ssc.0000000000000863","article-title":"Microdosing: a conceptual framework for use as programming strategy for resistance training in team sports","volume":"46","author":"Cuthbert","year":"2024","journal-title":"Strength Conditioning J."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/cnc-2016-0016","article-title":"Potential for use of creatine supplementation following mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"2","author":"Dean","year":"2017","journal-title":"Concussion"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.25259\/ijasm_18_2021","article-title":"Spacecraft launch and re-entry: Effects of simulated+ Gx acceleration on cardiorespiratory parameters","volume":"65","author":"Deepika","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J. Aerospace Med."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/EP091595","article-title":"Spaceflight and sport science: Physiological monitoring and countermeasures for the astronaut\u2013athlete on Mars exploration missions","author":"DeVirgiliis","year":"","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2015.07.003","article-title":"The training process: Planning for strength\u2014power training in track and field. Part 1: Theoretical aspects","volume":"4","author":"DeWeese","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Sport Health Sci."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2015.07.002","article-title":"The training process: Planning for strength\u2013power training in track and field. Part 2: Practical and applied aspects","volume":"4","author":"DeWeese","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Sport Health Sci."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-113011-143750","article-title":"Executive functions","volume":"64","author":"Diamond","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-99625-2_4","article-title":"Hydration strategies for esports performance","volume-title":"Esports Nutrition: Enhancing Cognitive and Physical Performance in Competitive Gaming","author":"Dickerson","year":"2025"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1177\/15353702221139189","article-title":"Impacts of microgravity on amino acid metabolism during spaceflight","volume":"248","author":"Dickerson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e318065b89b","article-title":"Plasma and blood volume in space","volume":"334","author":"Diedrich","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"B60","article-title":"Risk of performance decrement and crew illness due to an inadequate food system","author":"Douglas","year":"2016"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su13169424","article-title":"Sustaining astronauts: Resource limitations, technology needs, and parallels between spaceflight food systems and those on Earth","volume":"13","author":"Douglas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1002\/fft2.134","article-title":"Omega\u20103 polyunsaturated fatty acid encapsulation system: Physical and oxidative stability, and medical applications","volume":"3","author":"Du","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Front."},{"key":"B63","first-page":"678","article-title":"Influence of eccentric actions on the metabolic cost of resistance exercise","volume":"62","author":"Dudley","year":"1991","journal-title":"Aviat. Space Environ. Med."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-016-2199-y","article-title":"Creatine for women: a review of the relationship between creatine and the reproductive cycle and female-specific benefits of creatine therapy","volume":"48","author":"Ellery","year":"2016","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315092898-13","article-title":"Toward a theory of situation awareness in dynamic systems","volume":"37","author":"Endsley","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/s41526-020-00111-x","article-title":"High intensity training during spaceflight: results from the NASA Sprint Study","volume":"6","author":"English","year":"2020","journal-title":"NPJ Microgravity"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A68","DOI":"10.3357\/amhp.Ec09.2015","article-title":"Isokinetic strength changes following long-duration spaceflight on the ISS","volume":"86","author":"English","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aerosp. Med. Hum. Perform."},{"key":"B68","article-title":"Past, present, and future of closed human life support ecosystems-a review","author":"Escobar","year":"2017"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frspt.2024.1391200","article-title":"Enhanced astronaut hygiene and mission efficiency: a novel approach to in-suit waste management and water recovery in spacewalks","volume":"5","author":"Etlin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Space Technol."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-018-0132-4","article-title":"Chromium malate alleviates high-glucose and insulin resistance in L6 skeletal muscle cells by regulating glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity signaling pathways","volume":"31","author":"Feng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biometals"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3515","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.84.10.6046","article-title":"Inactivity amplifies the catabolic response of skeletal muscle to cortisol","volume":"84","author":"Ferrando","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.3357\/amhp.6482.2024","article-title":"Impact of spaceflight on upper extremity orthopedic health","volume":"95","author":"Fiedler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aerosp. Med. Hum. Perform."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.2852","article-title":"High-dose vitamin B6 supplementation reduces anxiety and strengthens visual surround suppression","volume":"37","author":"Field","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B74","volume-title":"Safety at the Sharp End: A Guide to non-Technical Skills","author":"Flin","year":"2008"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2013.01.005","article-title":"Gut\u2013brain axis: how the microbiome influences anxiety and depression","volume":"36","author":"Foster","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-095788","article-title":"The training-injury prevention paradox: should athletes be training smarter and harder","volume":"50","author":"Gabbett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-103602","article-title":"Pre-flight exercise and bone metabolism predict unloading-induced bone loss due to spaceflight","volume":"56","author":"Gabel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201902133","article-title":"Flexible hybrid sensors for health monitoring: Materials and mechanisms to render wearability","volume":"32","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau8650","article-title":"The NASA Twins Study: A multidimensional analysis of a year-long human spaceflight","volume":"364","author":"Garrett-Bakelman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/2968219.2968306","volume-title":"Continuous stress detection using a wrist device: In laboratory and real life","author":"Gjoreski","year":"2016"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1237117","article-title":"Neurocognitive consequences of sleep deprivation","volume":"29","author":"Goel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin. Neurol."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1080\/15502783.2022.2086017","article-title":"International society of sports nutrition position stand: tactical athlete nutrition","volume":"19","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc Sports Nutr."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3357\/asem.2583.2010","article-title":"Muscle volume, strength, endurance, and exercise loads during 6-month missions in space","volume":"81","author":"Gopalakrishnan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aviat. Space Environ. Med."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-021-02745-8","article-title":"Trunk skeletal muscle changes on CT with long-duration spaceflight","volume":"49","author":"Greene","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-018-0872-x","article-title":"Effect of resistance training frequency on gains in muscular strength: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"48","author":"Grgic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/1047840x.2014.940781","article-title":"Emotion regulation: Current status and future prospects","volume":"26","author":"Gross","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol. Inq."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20064741","article-title":"Effect of high-intensity interval training vs. moderate-intensity continuous training on fat loss and cardiorespiratory fitness in the young and middle-aged a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemphyslip.2007.06.213","article-title":"The influence of fatty acids on model cholesterol\/phospholipid membranes","author":"Hac-Wydro","year":""},{"key":"B89","volume-title":"Scientific Foundations and Practical Applications of Periodization","author":"Haff","year":"2024"},{"key":"B90","volume-title":"Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning 4th Edition","author":"Haff","year":"2015"},{"key":"B91","volume-title":"Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning","author":"Haff","year":"2016"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00344","article-title":"Bilateral vestibular weakness","volume":"9","author":"Hain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3643","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.14358","article-title":"The influence of bioregenerative life-support system dietary structure and lifestyle on the gut microbiota: a 105-day ground-based space simulation in Lunar Palace 1","volume":"20","author":"Hao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.4008","article-title":"A comparison of bone-targeted exercise strategies to reduce fracture risk in middle-aged and older men with osteopenia and osteoporosis: LIFTMOR-M semi-randomized controlled trial","volume":"35","author":"Harding","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2020.115362","article-title":"Effects of supervised high-intensity resistance and impact training or machine-based isometric training on regional bone geometry and strength in middle-aged and older men with low bone mass: The LIFTMOR-M semi-randomised controlled trial","volume":"136","author":"Harding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1177\/00187208221148610","article-title":"Team dynamics and collaborative problem-solving for lunar construction: Lessons from complex construction scenarios on Earth","volume":"66","author":"Harris","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1109\/tits.2005.848368","article-title":"Detecting stress during real-world driving tasks using physiological sensors","volume":"6","author":"Healey","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e3180304570","article-title":"Aerobic high-intensity intervals improve VO2max more than moderate training","volume":"39","author":"Helgerud","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc"},{"key":"B99","article-title":"Close the gap\u2013Potential of microalgal biomass for closed ECLSS and future in-situ resource utilization in space","author":"Helisch","year":"2019"},{"key":"B100","volume-title":"Culture at Work in Aviation and Medicine: National, Organizational, and Professional Influences","author":"Helmreich","year":"1998"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2001.0625c.xd","article-title":"Oral creatine supplementation facilitates the rehabilitation of disuse atrophy and alters the expression of muscle myogenic factors in humans","volume":"536","author":"Hespel","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-015-4311-5","article-title":"Changes in multifidus and abdominal muscle size in response to microgravity: possible implications for low back pain research","volume":"25","author":"Hides","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-29678-2_4708","article-title":"Postural control","author":"Horak","year":"2009"},{"key":"B104","volume-title":"Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin a, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc","year":"2002"},{"key":"B105","volume-title":"The use of creatine monohydrate in sports nutrition","author":"J\u00e4ger","year":"2003"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/15502783.2024.2441775","article-title":"International society of sports nutrition position stand: long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids","author":"J\u00e4ger","year":""},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2019.1700348","article-title":"Current processing and packing technology for space foods: a review","author":"Jiang","year":""},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsac006","article-title":"Sleep deficiency in spaceflight is associated with degraded neurobehavioral functions and elevated stress in astronauts on six-month missions aboard the International Space Station","volume":"45","author":"Jones","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00584","article-title":"Optimization of exercise countermeasures for human space flight: Operational considerations for concurrent strength and aerobic training","volume":"10","author":"Jones","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3039","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-022-05963-7","article-title":"Cardiovascular autonomic nervous system responses and orthostatic intolerance in astronauts and their relevance in daily medicine","volume":"43","author":"Jordan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurological Sci."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-020-01413-6","article-title":"Training load and injury: Causal pathways and future directions","volume":"51","author":"Kalkhoven","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-18869-0","volume-title":"Humans in Space: The Psychological Hurdles","author":"Kanas","year":"2015"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-6770-9","volume-title":"Space Psychology and Psychiatry","author":"Kanas","year":"2008"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.932425","article-title":"Virtual reality \"exergames\": A promising countermeasure to improve motivation and restorative effects during long duration spaceflight missions","volume":"13","author":"Keller","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.932425","article-title":"Virtual reality \u201cexergames\u201d: A promising countermeasure to improve motivation and restorative effects during long duration spaceflight missions","volume":"13","author":"Keller","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34133\/cbsystems.0477","article-title":"Space physiology and technology: Adaptations, countermeasures, and opportunities for wearable systems","volume":"7","author":"Khan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cyborg Bionic Syst."},{"key":"B117","first-page":"450","article-title":"Physiological responses to space travel: A systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Khune","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S46","DOI":"10.1519\/jsc.0000000000001110","article-title":"Adaptations to short, frequent sessions of endurance and strength training are similar to longer, less frequent exercise sessions when the total volume is the same","volume":"29","author":"Kilen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Strength Conditioning Res."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2020.115696","article-title":"The effect of exercise intensity on bone in postmenopausal women (part 1): a systematic review","volume":"143","author":"Kistler-Fischbacher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2020.115697","article-title":"The effect of exercise intensity on bone in postmenopausal women (part 2): a meta-analysis","volume":"143","author":"Kistler-Fischbacher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"B121","article-title":"Shuttle and ISS food systems management","author":"Kloeris","year":"2000"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14051035","article-title":"Bioavailability, efficacy, safety, and regulatory status of creatine and related compounds: A critical review","volume":"14","author":"Kreider","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1578564","article-title":"Creatine supplementation is safe, beneficial throughout the lifespan, and should not be restricted","volume":"12","author":"Kreider","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1550-2783-7-7","article-title":"ISSN exercise & sport nutrition review: research & recommendations","volume":"7","author":"Kreider","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc Sports Nutr."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000260","article-title":"Teamwork and collaboration in long-duration space missions: Going to extremes","volume":"73","author":"Landon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"B126","volume-title":"Risk of performance and behavioral health decrements due to inadequate cooperation, coordination, communication, and psychosocial adaptation within a team: Evidence report","author":"Landon","year":"2015"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/65.1.4","article-title":"Comparison of ground-based and space flight energy expenditure and water turnover in middle-aged healthy male US astronauts","volume":"65","author":"Lane","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5040\/9781492595830","volume-title":"Science and Application of High-Intensity Interval Training","author":"Laursen","year":"2019"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1996.81.1.105","article-title":"Regulation of body fluid compartments during short-term spaceflight","volume":"81","author":"Leach","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"B130","first-page":"157","article-title":"Bone mineral and lean tissue loss after long duration space flight","volume":"1","author":"LeBlanc","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Musculoskelet. Neuronal Interact."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00646.2024","article-title":"Cardiovascular responses to standing with and without lower body compression garments after long-duration spaceflight","volume":"139","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-9889-0_20","article-title":"Physical performance, countermeasures, and postflight reconditioning","author":"Lee","year":"2019"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.5435\/jaaos-d-23-00954","article-title":"Effect of spaceflight and microgravity on the musculoskeletal system: A review","volume":"32","author":"Lee Satcher","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Orthop. Surg."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.4249\/scholarpedia.2433","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the impact of short-term sleep deprivation on cognitive variables","volume":"136","author":"Lim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A14","DOI":"10.3357\/amhp.Ec03.2015","article-title":"Physical training for long-duration spaceflight","volume":"86","author":"Loehr","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aerosp. Med. Hum. Perform."},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2669","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-023-06715-5","article-title":"Virtual reality as a countermeasure for astronaut motion sickness during simulated post-flight water landings","volume":"241","author":"Lonner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.935590","article-title":"Virtual reality-based rehabilitation therapy","volume":"74","author":"Lorkowski","year":"2025","journal-title":"Physiol. Res."},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-3010.2006.00571.x","article-title":"The health effects of dietary unsaturated fatty acids","volume":"31","author":"Lunn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nutr. Bull."},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.3357\/amhp.5705.2020","article-title":"Autonomous psychological support for isolation and confinement","volume":"91","author":"Lyons","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aerosp. Med. Hum. Perform."},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2021.658985","article-title":"Developing proprioceptive countermeasures to mitigate postural and locomotor control deficits after long-duration spaceflight","volume":"15","author":"Macaulay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Syst. Neurosci."},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2020.0673","article-title":"Association of long-duration spaceflight with anterior and posterior ocular structure changes in astronauts and their recovery","volume":"138","author":"Macias","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2915","DOI":"10.1113\/jp273196","article-title":"Physiological adaptations to interval training and the role of exercise intensity","volume":"595","author":"MacInnis","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1007\/s11746-006-0944-1","article-title":"Oxidative stability of sunflower oils differing in unsaturation degree during long\u2010term storage at room temperature","volume":"81","author":"Mart\u00edn\u2010Polvillo","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Oil Chemists' Soc."},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/s41526-025-00511-x","article-title":"Recovery of bone microarchitecture and density four years after spaceflight: two case studies","volume":"11","author":"Matheson","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Microgravity"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/0959-4388(95)80028-x","article-title":"Stress and cognitive function","volume":"5","author":"McEwen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2023.06.005","article-title":"The influence of resistance exercise training prescription variables on skeletal muscle mass, strength, and physical function in healthy adults: An umbrella review","volume":"13","author":"McLeod","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Sport Health Sci."},{"key":"B147","volume-title":"Stress Inoculation Training","author":"Meichenbaum","year":"1985"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/sports6040127","article-title":"A brief review on concurrent training: From laboratory to the field","volume":"6","author":"Methenitis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sports (Basel)"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.651977","article-title":"Commentary: Gut microbiome and space travelers' health: State of the art and possible pro\/prebiotic strategies for long-term space missions","volume":"12","author":"Mikelsaar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721411429458","article-title":"The nature and organization of individual differences in executive functions: Four general conclusions","volume":"21","author":"Miyake","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2023-0603","article-title":"A narrative review exploring advances in interval training for endurance athletes","volume":"49","author":"M\u00f8lmen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.3357\/amhp.4801.2017","article-title":"Validation of the Cognition Test Battery for spaceflight in a sample of highly educated adults","volume":"88","author":"Moore","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aerosp. Med. Hum. Perform."},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01251.2013","article-title":"Peak exercise oxygen uptake during and following long-duration spaceflight","volume":"117","author":"Moore","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol. (1985)"},{"key":"B154","article-title":"Development and validation of sensorimotor assessment tasks using spaceflight analogs","author":"Moudy","year":"2025"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1109\/TITB.2005.854509","article-title":"A multiparameter wearable physiologic monitoring system for space and terrestrial applications","volume":"9","author":"Mundt","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Technol. Biomed."},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1080\/07341512.2018.1453911","article-title":"To live among the stars: artificial environments in the early space age","volume":"33","author":"Munns","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hist. Technol."},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-020-0485-4","article-title":"The case for biotech on Mars","volume":"38","author":"Nangle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B158","article-title":"Strategic implementation plan: 2017 update","year":"2017"},{"key":"B159","article-title":"NASA achieves water recovery milestone on international space station","year":"2023"},{"key":"B160","article-title":"Human integration design handbook","volume-title":"Human Integration Design Handbook","year":"2010"},{"key":"B161","article-title":"NASA space flight human-system standard","volume-title":"Human Factors, Habitability, and Environmental Health. NASA-STD-3001","year":"2022"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1080\/09553002.2024.2345098","article-title":"Review of the evidence of radioprotective potential of creatine and arginine as dietary supplements","volume":"100","author":"Nersesova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Biol."},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2016.01.282","article-title":"Long-duration space flight and cartilage adaptation: First results on changes in tissue metabolism","volume":"24","author":"Niehoff","year":"2016","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1519\/ssc.0000000000000309","article-title":"Change of direction and agility tests: Challenging our current measures of performance","volume":"40","author":"Nimphius","year":"2018","journal-title":"Strength Conditioning J."},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.3357\/amhp.4229.2016","article-title":"Exercise responses to gravity-independent flywheel aerobic and resistance training","volume":"87","author":"Owerkowicz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aerosp. Med. Hum. Perform."},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00928.2015","article-title":"Effects of isolation and confinement on humans-implications for manned space explorations","volume":"120","author":"Pagel","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1080\/19390211.2021.1904085","article-title":"Effects of creatine and caffeine supplementation during resistance training on body composition, strength, endurance, rating of perceived exertion and fatigue in trained young adults","volume":"19","author":"Pakulak","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dietary Suppl."},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(07)61056-3","article-title":"Psychological effects of polar expeditions","volume":"371","author":"Palinkas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B169","volume-title":"The Spaceflight Food System: A Case Study in Long Duration Preservation","author":"Perchonok","year":"2018"},{"key":"B170","article-title":"Human research program advanced exercise concepts (AEC) overview","author":"Perusek","year":"2015"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2016.12.010","article-title":"Postflight reconditioning for European Astronauts \u2013 A case report of recovery after six months in space","volume":"27","author":"Petersen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Musculoskeletal Sci. Pract."},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/s41526-024-00361-z","article-title":"Effects of total sleep deprivation on performance in a manual spacecraft docking task","volume":"10","author":"Piechowski","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Microgravity"},{"key":"B173","article-title":"High-performance spaceflight computing (hpsc) project overview","author":"Powell","year":"2018"},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1159\/000175577","article-title":"Calcium and phosphorus change of the Apollo 17 crew members","volume":"18","author":"Rambaut","year":"1975","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-011-0855-9","article-title":"Use of creatine in the elderly and evidence for effects on cognitive function in young and old","volume":"40","author":"Rawson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2021.1898094","article-title":"Influence of resistance training load on measures of skeletal muscle hypertrophy and improvements in maximal strength and neuromuscular task performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"Refalo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"B177","article-title":"Risk of impaired performance due to reduced muscle mass, strength &, endurance (short title: muscle) and risk of reduced physical performance capabilities due to reduced aerobic capacity (short title: aerobic)","author":"Rivas","year":"2023"},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00649.2025","article-title":"Musculoskeletal responses to spaceflight: Mechanisms, countermeasures, and key gaps","author":"Roberts","year":"","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol"},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1615\/critreveukargeneexpr.v19.i4.50","article-title":"Mechanical signaling for bone modeling and remodeling","volume":"19","author":"Robling","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Eukaryot Gene Expr"},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2025-110027","article-title":"Effect of exercise snacks on fitness and cardiometabolic health in physically inactive individuals: systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med"},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2021.03.001","article-title":"Negative impact of disuse and unloading on tendon enthesis structure and function","volume":"29","author":"Roffino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci. Space Res."},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41526-021-00133-z","article-title":"A review of alterations to the brain during spaceflight and the potential relevance to crew in long-duration space exploration","volume":"7","author":"Roy-O\u2019Reilly","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPJ Microgravity"},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-019-04152-3","article-title":"A novel approach for establishing fitness standards for occupational task performance","volume":"119","author":"Ryder","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.12938\/bmfh.2022-018","article-title":"Creatine supplementation enhances immunological function of neutrophils by increasing cellular adenosine triphosphate","volume":"41","author":"Saito","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioscience Microbiota Food. Health"},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1037\/e518632013-346","article-title":"Is there a 'Big Five' in teamwork","volume":"36","author":"Salas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Small Group Res."},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s11157-006-9000-8","article-title":"Human challenges in polar and space environments","volume":"5","author":"Sandal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Sci. Bio\/Technol."},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1113\/JP278828","article-title":"The effect of sleep restriction, with or without high-intensity interval exercise, on myofibrillar protein synthesis in healthy young men","volume":"598","author":"Saner","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2014.901551","article-title":"Psychological resilience in sport performers: a review of stressors and protective factors","volume":"32","author":"Sarkar","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"B189","article-title":"Recommendations for exploration space medicine from the apollo medical operations project","author":"Scheuring","year":"2007"},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3508","DOI":"10.1519\/jsc.0000000000002200","article-title":"Strength and hypertrophy adaptations between low- vs. high-load resistance training: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Schoenfeld","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond Res."},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2954","DOI":"10.1519\/jsc.0000000000000958","article-title":"Effects of low- vs. high-load resistance training on muscle strength and hypertrophy in well-trained men","volume":"29","author":"Schoenfeld","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond Res."},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102344","article-title":"Teleguided self-ultrasound scanning for longitudinal monitoring of muscle mass during spaceflight","volume":"24","author":"Scott","year":"2021","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2011.01351.x","article-title":"Adaptations to aerobic interval training: interactive effects of exercise intensity and total work duration","volume":"23","author":"Seiler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00789.2006","article-title":"Early skeletal muscle hypertrophy and architectural changes in response to high-intensity resistance training","volume":"102","author":"Seynnes","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol. (1985)"},{"key":"B195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.2006.047670","article-title":"Micronutrients in health and disease","volume":"82","author":"Shenkin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med. J."},{"key":"B196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsn.1.1.28","article-title":"Insufficient dietary carbohydrate during training: does it impair athletic performance","volume":"1","author":"Sherman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exercise Metab."},{"key":"B197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s12018-008-9012-8","article-title":"Adaptation of the skeletal system during long-duration spaceflight","volume":"5","author":"Sibonga","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Bone Miner. Metab."},{"key":"B198","article-title":"Risk of bone fracture due to spaceflight-induced changes to bone","author":"Sibonga","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hum. Res. Program"},{"key":"B199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.5650\/jos.ess22118","article-title":"Enzymatic interesterification of vegetable oil: a review on physicochemical and functional properties, and its health effects","volume":"71","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Oleo Sci."},{"key":"B200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-6652-3_14","article-title":"Operational behavioral health and performance resources for International Space Station crews and families","volume":"76","author":"Sipes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aviat. Space Environ. Med."},{"key":"B201","volume-title":"Risk of adverse cognitive or behavioral conditions and psychiatric disorders: Evidence report","author":"Slack","year":"2016"},{"key":"B202","volume-title":"Human Adaptation to Spaceflight: The Role of Food and Nutrition","author":"Smith","year":"2021"},{"key":"B203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.7.2053","article-title":"Nutritional status assessment in semiclosed environments: ground-based and space flight studies in humans","volume":"131","author":"Smith","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"B204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1896","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.1647","article-title":"Benefits for bone from resistance exercise and nutrition in long-duration spaceflight: evidence from biochemistry and densitometry","volume":"27","author":"Smith","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"B205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1896","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.1647","article-title":"Benefits for bone from resistance exercise and nutrition in long\u2010duration spaceflight: evidence from biochemistry and densitometry","volume":"27","author":"Smith","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"B206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.041105","article-title":"Bone markers, calcium metabolism, and calcium kinetics during extended\u2010duration space flight on the Mir space station","volume":"20","author":"Smith","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"B207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.2514\/6.iac-06-a1.2.01","article-title":"Nutrition issues for space exploration","volume":"63","author":"Smith","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"B208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003605157","article-title":"Nutritional biochemistry of spaceflight","volume":"46","author":"Smith","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Chem."},{"key":"B209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/135.3.437","article-title":"The nutritional status of astronauts is altered after long-term space flight aboard the International Space Station","volume":"135","author":"Smith","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"B210","volume-title":"Human Adaptation to Spaceflight: The Role of Food and Nutrition","author":"Smith","year":"2021"},{"key":"B211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2020.01.030","article-title":"Microwave-induced thermal sterilization- a review on history, technical progress, advantages and challenges as compared to the conventional methods","volume":"97","author":"Soni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s13047-021-00446-y","article-title":"Leg muscle cross-sectional area measured by ultrasound is highly correlated with MRI","volume":"14","author":"Sponbeck","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Foot Ankle Res."},{"key":"B213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2273","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmc1904905","article-title":"Brain changes in response to long Antarctic expeditions","volume":"381","author":"Stahn","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2012.02.003","article-title":"Decision making under stress: a selective review","volume":"36","author":"Starcke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"B215","volume-title":"NASA Space Flight Human-System Standard, Volume 2: Human Factors, Habitability, and Environmental Health","year":"2011"},{"key":"B216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41526-025-00471-2","article-title":"Virtual reality-based sensory stimulation preferences at Amundsen-Scott South Pole station in Antarctica","volume":"11","author":"Thoolen","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Microgravity"},{"key":"B217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-024-02045-w","article-title":"50 years of research on the psychology of sport injury: a consensus statement","volume":"54","author":"Tranaeus","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"B218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1097\/00003677-200301000-00009","article-title":"Designing exercise regimens to increase bone strength","volume":"31","author":"Turner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exerc Sport Sci. Rev."},{"key":"B219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-010-1834-0_8","article-title":"Judgment under uncertainty: heuristics and biases","volume":"185","author":"Tversky","year":"1974","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2020.9766","article-title":"How has workload been defined and how many workload-related exposures to injury are included in published sports injury articles? A scoping review","volume":"50","author":"Udby","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"B221","volume-title":"Psychology of Space Exploration: Contemporary Research in Historical Perspective","author":"Vakoch","year":"2011"},{"key":"B222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000987344.19162.d4","article-title":"Inter-individual variability in astronaut strength response to long-duration spaceflight may be dictated by in-flight exercise: 2394","volume":"55","author":"Varanoske","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exercise"},{"key":"B223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.877509","article-title":"Multiteam systems in long duration exploration missions: a qualitative analysis of key characteristics and challenges","volume":"13","author":"Verhoeven","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1093\/pcmedi\/pbaa022","article-title":"Long-term spaceflight and the cardiovascular system","volume":"3","author":"Vernice","year":"2020","journal-title":"Precis. Clin. Med."},{"key":"B225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01462","article-title":"The metabolic signature of macrophage responses","volume":"10","author":"Viola","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B226","first-page":"31","article-title":"Medical results of Salyut-6 manned space flights","volume":"54","author":"Vorobyov","year":"1983","journal-title":"Aviat. Space Environ. Med."},{"key":"B227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wees.2024.12.007","article-title":"Flexible wearable device applications for monitoring astronaut health: current status and challenges","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Wearable Electron."},{"key":"B228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7569127","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7569127","article-title":"L-Arginine enhances protein synthesis by phosphorylating mTOR (Thr 2446) in a nitric oxide-dependent manner in C2C12 cells","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"B229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2021.12.003","article-title":"Long term food stability for extended space missions: a review","volume":"32","author":"Watkins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life Sci. Space Res."},{"key":"B230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-018-04829-z","article-title":"High-intensity exercise did not cause vertebral fractures and improves thoracic kyphosis in postmenopausal women with low to very low bone mass: the LIFTMOR trial","volume":"30","author":"Watson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Osteoporosis Int."},{"key":"B231","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2889","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-015-3263-2","article-title":"Heavy resistance training is safe and improves bone, function, and stature in postmenopausal women with low to very low bone mass: novel early findings from the LIFTMOR trial","volume":"26","author":"Watson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Osteoporosis Int."},{"key":"B232","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.3357\/amhp.6584.2025","article-title":"Sensory-based alterations and countermeasures in spaceflight and spaceflight analogs","volume":"96","author":"White","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aerosp. Med. Hum. Perform."},{"key":"B233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1159\/000046083","article-title":"The risk of renal stone formation during and after long duration space flight","volume":"89","author":"Whitson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"B234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-5347(17)35618-5","article-title":"Alterations in renal stone risk factors after space flight","volume":"150","author":"Whitson","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"B235","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1518\/001872008x288394","article-title":"Multiple resources and mental workload","volume":"50","author":"Wickens","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"},{"key":"B236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.090628","article-title":"Acclimation during space flight: effects on human physiology","volume":"180","author":"Williams","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cmaj"},{"key":"B237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2293","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31823a3e2d","article-title":"Concurrent training: a meta-analysis examining interference of aerobic and resistance exercises","volume":"26","author":"Wilson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond Res."},{"key":"B238","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096040","article-title":"How do training and competition workloads relate to injury? The workload\u2014injury aetiology model","volume":"51","author":"Windt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"B239","article-title":"Motion sickness induced by g-transitions during spaceflight","volume-title":"Motion Sickness: Theories, Models and Empirical Evidence Workshop","author":"Wood","year":"2022"},{"key":"B240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-013-1500-6","article-title":"Functional amino acids in nutrition and health","volume":"45","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"B241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1424972","article-title":"The effects of creatine supplementation on cognitive function in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"B242","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51654","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c15530","article-title":"Flexible CoFeB\/silk films for biocompatible RF\/microwave applications","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Materials Interfaces"},{"key":"B243","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1559119","article-title":"Probiotics and muscle health: the impact of Lactobacillus on sarcopenia through the gut-muscle axis","volume":"16","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.913297","article-title":"Impact of heating temperature and fatty acid type on the formation of lipid oxidation products during thermal processing","volume":"9","author":"Zhuang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"B245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3841.2009.01265.x","article-title":"Assessment of nutrient stability in foods from the space food system after long-duration spaceflight on the ISS","author":"Zwart","year":""}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Physiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2026.1950155\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T10:40:25Z","timestamp":1789987225000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphys.2026.1950155\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"references-count":245,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphys.2026.1950155"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2026.1950155","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-042X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-042X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"article-number":"1950155"}}