{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T07:47:05Z","timestamp":1792482425597,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]],"date-time":"2021-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012190","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The effects of growth regulators, namely, 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and thidiazuron (TDZ), on the morphogenic capacity of 13 cultivars of clematis plants, in terms of their morphological structure formation, shoot regeneration, and somatic embryo development, are presented. The clematis cultivars \u2018Alpinist,\u2019 \u2018Ay-Nor,\u2019 \u2018Bal Tsvetov,\u2019 \u2018Crimson Star,\u2019 \u2018Crystal Fountain,\u2019 \u2018Kosmicheskaya Melodiya,\u2019 \u2018Lesnaya Opera,\u2019 \u2018Madame Julia Correvon,\u2019 \u2018Nevesta,\u2019 \u2018Nikitsky Rosovyi,\u2019 \u2018Nikolay Rubtsov,\u2019 \u2018Serenada Kryma,\u2019 and \u2018Vechniy Zov\u2019 were taken in collection plots of the Nikita Botanical Gardens for use in study. After explant sterilization with 70% ethanol (1 min), 0.3\u20130.4% Cl<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (15 min), and 1% thimerosal (10 min), 1-cm long segments with a single node were introduced to an <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> culture. The explants were established on the basal MS medium supplemented with BAP (2.20\u20138.90 \u03bcM) and 0.049 \u03bcM NAA, or TDZ (3.0; 6.0, and 9.0 \u03bcM) with 30 g\/L sucrose and 9 g\/L agar. The medium with 0.89 \u03bcM BAP served as the control. Culture vessels and test tubes with the explants were maintained in plant growth chamber-controlled conditions: with a 16-h photoperiod, under cool-white light fluorescent lamps with a light intensity of 37.5 \u03bcmol m<jats:sup>\u20132<\/jats:sup> s<jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup>, at a temperature of 24 \u00b1 1\u00b0C. Histological analysis demonstrated that adventitious bud and somatic embryo formation in studied clematis cultivars occurred at numerous areas of active meristematic cell zones. The main role of plant growth regulators and its concentrations were demonstrated. It was determined that maximum adventitious microshoot regeneration without any morphological abnormalities formed on the media supplemented with BAP or TDZ. 4.40 \u03bcM BAP, or 6.0 \u03bcM TDZ were optimal cytokinin concentrations for micropropagation. The explants of \u2018Alpinist,\u2019 \u2018Ay-Nor,\u2019 \u2018Crimson Star,\u2019 \u2018Crystal Fountain,\u2019 \u2018Nevesta,\u2019 and \u2018Serenada Kryma\u2019 cultivars displayed high morphogenetic capacity under <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> culturing. During indirect somatic embryogenesis, light intensity 37.5 \u03bcmol m<jats:sup>\u20132<\/jats:sup> s<jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup> stimulated a higher-number somatic embryo formation and a temperature of 26\u00b0C affected somatic embryo development. Active formation of primary and secondary somatic embryos was also demonstrated. 2.20 \u03bcM BAP with 0.09 \u03bcM IBA affected the high-number somatic embryo formation for eight cultivars. Secondary somatic embryogenesis by the same concentration of BAP was induced. The frequency of secondary somatic embryogenesis was higher in \u2018Crystal Fountain\u2019 (100%), \u2018Crimson Star\u2019 (100%), \u2018Nevesta\u2019 (97%), and \u2018Ay-Nor\u2019 (92%) cultivars. Based on these results, the methodology for direct somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis of studied clematis cultivars has been developed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.541171","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]],"date-time":"2021-03-12T07:33:29Z","timestamp":1615534409000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["In vitro Regeneration of Clematis Plants in the Nikita Botanical Garden via Somatic Embryogenesis and Organogenesis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Irina","family":"Mitrofanova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Ivanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatyana","family":"Kuzmina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Mitrofanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalya","family":"Zubkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.17660\/actahortic.2006.725.28","article-title":"A comparative histological study between embryogenic structures and zygotic embryos of Clematis hybrids cultivated in vitro.","volume":"725","author":"Arene","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Hort."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s11103-008-9435-0","article-title":"Role of plant hormones in plant defence responses.","volume":"69","author":"Bari","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plant Mol. 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