{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T06:00:50Z","timestamp":1792735250335,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]],"date-time":"2021-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>It is necessary to develop a resilient food supply that will withstand unexpected future shocks and deliver the required amounts of nutrients to consumers. By increasing the sustainability of food and agriculture, the food system will be able to handle challenges such as climate change, declining agricultural resources, growing population\/urbanization, pandemics, and recessions\/shortages. Micronutrient deficiency, otherwise called hidden hunger, is one of the major malnutrition consequences worldwide, particularly in middle- or low- income countries. Unlike essential mineral or nutrient compounds, micronutrients could be less of a priority due to their small levels of requirement. However, insufficient micronutrients caused critical adverse health symptoms and are excessively vital for young children\u2019s development. Therefore, there have been numerous attempts to enhance minerals and nutrients in food crops, including biofortification, food fortification, and supplementation. Based on several interventions involving micronutrients, modern technology, such as nanotechnology, can be applied to enhance sustainability and to reduce the food system\u2019s environmental impact. Previous studies have addressed various strategies or interventions to mitigate major micronutrient deficiency including iron, iodine, zinc, and vitamin A. Comparably small amounts of studies have addressed vitamin B<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub> deficiency and its fortification in food crops. Vitamin B<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub> deficiency causes serious adverse health effects, including in the nervous or blood systems, and occurs along with other micronutrient deficiencies, such as folate, iron, and zinc, worldwide, particularly in middle- and low-income countries. Mitigation for B<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub> deficiency has mainly focused on developing pharmacological and medical treatments such as vitamin B<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub> serum or supplements. Further studies are required to undertake a sustainable approach to fortify vitamin B<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub> in plant-based food sources for public health worldwide. This review paper highlights nanoparticle application as a promising technology for enhancing vitamin B<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub> without conventional genetic modification requirements. The nanoparticle can efficiently deliver the mineral\/nutrient using coating techniques to targeted sites into the plant. This is mainly because nanoparticles have better solubility and permeability due to their nano size with high surface exposure. Vitamin B<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>-coated nanoparticles would be absorbed, translocated, and accumulated by the plant and eventually enhance the bioavailability in food crops. Furthermore, by reducing adverse environmental effects, such as leaching issues that mainly occur with conventional fertilizer usage, it would be possible to develop more sustainable food fortification.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.668819","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]],"date-time":"2021-08-23T08:44:40Z","timestamp":1629708280000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) and Micronutrient Fortification in Food Crops Using Nanoparticle Technology"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Soojin","family":"Oh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gareth","family":"Cave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chungui","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5424\/sjar\/2016141-8205","article-title":"Nano chitosan-NPK fertilizer enhances the growth and productivity of wheat plants grown in sandy soil.","volume":"14","author":"Abdel-Aziz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Span. J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"B2","year":"2019","journal-title":"Global Food Supply and Demand, Consumer Trends, Trade Challenges. In EU Agricultural Markets Briefs."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1080\/24701556.2019.1711121","article-title":"An overview of the plant-mediated synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles and their antimicrobial potential.","volume":"50","author":"Akbar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inorg. Nano Metal Chem."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.33794\/qjas.Vol9.Iss2.93","article-title":"The effect of fertigation with nano NPK fertilizers on some parameters of growth and yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.).","volume":"9","author":"Al-juthery","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265100311s104","article-title":"Considering the case for vitamin B12 fortification of flour.","author":"Allen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Nutrit. Bull."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.1031155","article-title":"Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency in elderly patients.","volume":"171","author":"Andr\u00e8s","year":"2004","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1177\/1082013217705036","article-title":"Improved quality of a vitamin B12-fortified \u2018ready to blend\u2019 fresh-cut mix salad with chitosan.","volume":"23","author":"Art\u00e9s-Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Sci. Technol. Int."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8516","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6b03550","article-title":"Characterization and quantitation of Vitamin B12 compounds in various Chlorella supplements.","volume":"64","author":"Bito","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3852","DOI":"10.1021\/jf305033s","article-title":"Production and characterization of cyanocobalamin-enriched lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) grown using hydroponics.","volume":"61","author":"Bito","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.myc.2014.01.008","article-title":"Characterization of vitamin B12 compounds in the fruiting bodies of shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes) and bed logs after fruiting of the mushroom.","volume":"55","author":"Bito","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mycoscience"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-75213-3","article-title":"The ongoing nutrition transition thwarts long-term targets for food security, public health and environmental protection.","volume":"10","author":"Bodirsky","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gfs.2017.01.009","article-title":"Improving nutrition through biofortification: a review of evidence from HarvestPlus, 2003 through 2016.","volume":"12","author":"Bouis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob. Food Sec."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuy026","article-title":"Methods to assess Vitamin B12 bioavailability and technologies to enhance its absorption.","volume":"76","author":"Brito","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrit. Rev."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.impact.2017.01.006","article-title":"Impact of TiO2 nanoparticles on lead uptake and bioaccumulation in rice (Oryza sativa L.).","volume":"5","author":"Cai","year":"2017","journal-title":"NanoImpact"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265080292S121","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of fortification and supplementation with vitamin B12: biochemical and physiological effects.","volume":"29","author":"Carmel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Nutrit. Bull."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10545-010-9150-2.Mandatory","article-title":"Mandatory fortification of the food supply with cobalamin: an idea whose time has not yet come.","volume":"23","author":"Carmel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-3155-8-26","article-title":"Absorption and translocation to the aerial part of magnetic carbon-coated nanoparticles through the root of different crop plants.","volume":"8","author":"Cifuentes","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"B18","author":"Clarke","year":"1995","journal-title":"Annex 4\u2013Micronutrient Fortification of Food: Technology and Quality Control. In Annex 4\u2013Micronutrient Fortification of Food: Technology and Quality Control."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.3390\/nu3030370","article-title":"Folic acid food fortification-its history, effect, concerns, and future directions.","volume":"3","author":"Crider","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.654624","article-title":"Nano-encapsulated iron and folic acid-fortified functional yogurt enhance anemia in albino rats.","volume":"8","author":"Darwish","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Nutrit."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265080292s126","article-title":"Establishing safe and potentially efficacious fortification contents for folic acid and vitamin B12.","author":"Dary","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Nutrit. Bull."},{"key":"B22","author":"Davies","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biofortification of Potato (Solanum tuberosum) Using Metal Oxide Nanoparticles."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1159\/000346968","article-title":"Systematic review on daily Vitamin B12 losses and bioavailability for deriving recommendations on Vitamin B12 intake with the factorial approach.","volume":"62","author":"Doets","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5746","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.8b00557","article-title":"Bean seedling growth enhancement using magnetite nanoparticles.","volume":"66","author":"Duran","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.16780","article-title":"Getting to the roots of aeroponic indoor farming.","volume":"228","author":"Eldridge","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app9030499","article-title":"The role of nanotechnology in the fortification of plant nutrients and improvement of crop production.","volume":"9","author":"Elemike","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","year":"2020","journal-title":"The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2020. In The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2020.","DOI":"10.4060\/ca9692en"},{"key":"B28","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrition-Sensitive Agriculture and Food Systems in Practice. Options for Intervention. In Nutrition-Sensitive Agriculture and food Systems in practice. Options for Intervention."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11030743","article-title":"Current nanocarrier strategies improve vitamin b12 pharmacokinetics, ameliorate patients\u2019 lives, and reduce costs.","volume":"11","author":"Fidaleo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"B30","first-page":"1","author":"Forgrieve","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plant-Based Food Sales Continue To Grow By Double Digits, Fueled By Shift In Grocery Store Placement. Forbes."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-8636-1_7","article-title":"Biofortification of crop plants: a practical solution to tackle elemental deficiency","author":"Freire","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustainable Solutions for Elemental Deficiency and Excess in Crop Plants"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nimb.2018.05.042","article-title":"Vitamin B12 added as a fortificant to flour retains high bioavailability when baked in bread.","volume":"438","author":"Garrod","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-015-3270-4","article-title":"Consumer acceptance of and willingness to pay for food nanotechnology: a systematic review.","volume":"17","author":"Giles","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nanopart. Res."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat3890","article-title":"Plant nanobionics approach to augment photosynthesis and biochemical sensing.","volume":"13","author":"Giraldo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-10-569186.In","article-title":"Vitamin B12 deficiency from the perspective of a practicing hematologist.","volume":"129","author":"Green","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.40","article-title":"Vitamin B12 deficiency.","volume":"3","author":"Green","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"B37","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biofortification: a Food-Systems Solution to Help End Hidden Hunger."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.17957\/IJAB\/15.0670","article-title":"Germination responses of soybean seeds under Fe, ZnO, Cu and Co nanoparticle treatments.","volume":"20","author":"Hoe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Agric. Biol."},{"key":"B39","first-page":"1","article-title":"Vitamin B12 deficiency.","volume":"349","author":"Hunt","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ (Online)"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.89089","article-title":"Nano-fertilisers for sustainable crop production under changing climate_ A global perspective","author":"Iqbal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sustainable Crop Production"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2020.101778","article-title":"Effects of biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles on seed germination and seedling vigor of maize (Zea mays).","volume":"29","author":"Itroutwar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app11083601","article-title":"Some plant food products present on the polish market are a source of Vitamin B12.","volume":"11","author":"Jedut","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15451","DOI":"10.1039\/c5ra23425e","article-title":"Enhancement in growth rate and productivity of spinach grown in hydroponics with iron oxide nanoparticles.","volume":"6","author":"Jeyasubramanian","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"B44","first-page":"1","author":"Jones","year":"2020","journal-title":"Veganism: Why are Vegan Diets on the Rise?\u2013BBC News. In BBC News."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-018-0131-1","article-title":"A critical evaluation of nanopesticides and nanofertilizers against their conventional analogues.","volume":"13","author":"Kah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.110759","article-title":"Global and local diet popularity rankings, their secular trends, and seasonal variation in Google Trends data.","author":"Kami\u0144ski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11373","DOI":"10.1039\/d0nj02634d","article-title":"Nano-micronutrients [\u03b3-Fe2O3(iron) and ZnO (zinc)]: green preparation, characterization, agro-morphological characteristics and crop productivity studies in two crops (rice and maize).","volume":"44","author":"Kasivelu","year":"2020","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/b978-0-12-820528-0.00002-8","article-title":"Microbe-mediated biofortification for micronutrients: present status and future challenges","author":"Kaur","year":"2020","journal-title":"New and Future Developments in Microbial Biotechnology and Bioengineering"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rhisph.2017.04.010","article-title":"Seed priming with cobalamin (vitamin B12) provides significant protection against salinity stress in the common bean.","volume":"3","author":"Keshavarz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rhizosphere"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2012.01.007","article-title":"Applications of nanomaterials in agricultural production and crop protection: a review.","volume":"35","author":"Khot","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crop Prot."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s11816-012-0216-5","article-title":"Biofortification of crops for reducing malnutrition.","volume":"6","author":"Khush","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plant Biotechnol. Rep."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nano9081094","article-title":"Nanomaterials in plants: a review of hazard and applications in the agri-food sector.","volume":"9","author":"Kranjc","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2153-2435.1000337","article-title":"Effect of different extraction methods on vitamin B12 from blue green algae, spirulina platensis.","volume":"6","author":"Kumudha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharm. Anal. Acta"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941.e","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2018.04.012","article-title":"Construction of fluorescent analogs to follow the uptake and distribution of cobalamin (Vitamin B 12) in bacteria, worms, and plants.","volume":"25","author":"Lawrence","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Chem. Biol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.01.104","article-title":"Potentials of engineered nanoparticles as fertilizers for increasing agronomic productions.","volume":"514","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-019-0461-7","article-title":"Opportunities and challenges for nanotechnology in the agri-tech revolution.","volume":"14","author":"Lowry","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2014.371","article-title":"Effect of surface coating on the toxicity of silver nanomaterials on human skin keratinocytes.","volume":"23","author":"Lu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1039\/C8EN00645H","article-title":"Uptake, translocation, and transformation of metal-based nanoparticles in plants: recent advances and methodological challenges.","volume":"6","author":"Lv","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Nano"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-001-0902-7","article-title":"Microbial production of vitamin B12.","volume":"58","author":"Martens","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0029665120002128","article-title":"Development of novel Vitamin B12 fortified yogurts using isolated and microencapsulated Vitamin B12.","volume":"79","author":"Melo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00012838","article-title":"Uptake of a microbially-produced vitamin (B12) by soybean roots.","volume":"139","author":"Mozafar","year":"1992","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0067860","article-title":"The global hidden hunger indices and maps: an advocacy tool for action.","volume":"8","author":"Muthayya","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2010.04.012","article-title":"Nanoparticulate material delivery to plants.","volume":"179","author":"Nair","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.08.037","article-title":"Isolation and analysis of vitamin B12 from plant samples.","volume":"216","author":"Nakos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"B65","author":"Nakos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Quantitative Determination of Vitamin B 12 in Plants [Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universit\u00e4t Hannover]."},{"key":"B66","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vitamin B12\u2014Consumer."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/542\/1\/012034","article-title":"Ultrasonic atomizer application for low cost aeroponic chambers (LCAC): A review.","volume":"542","author":"Niam","year":"2020","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"B68","first-page":"1","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vitamin B12_ Fact Sheet for Health professionals. Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS); National Institues of Health (NIH)."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03391603","article-title":"Folic acid and vitamin B12 fortification of flour: a global basic food security requirement.","volume":"32","author":"Oakley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Public Health Rev."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2791\/80497","author":"Parisi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proceedings of a Workshop on \u201c Nanotechnology for the Agricultural sector?: From Research to the Field."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1177\/1559827612450688","article-title":"Understanding Vitamin B12.","volume":"7","author":"Pawlak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Lifestyle Med."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2017.00012","article-title":"Interaction of nanomaterials with plants: what do we need for real applications in agriculture?","volume":"5","author":"P\u00e9rez-de-Luque","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/708489","article-title":"A puzzle of hemolytic anemia, iron and vitamin B12 deficiencies in a 52-year-old male.","volume":"2013","author":"Prueksaritanond","year":"2013","journal-title":"Case Rep. Hematol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2020.109783","article-title":"Iodine biofortification of sweet basil and lettuce grown in two hydroponic systems.","volume":"276","author":"Puccinelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s40502-017-0303-2","article-title":"Zinc oxide nano particles increases Zn uptake, translocation in rice with positive effect on growth, yield and moisture stress tolerance.","volume":"22","author":"Rameshraddy, Pavithra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3485","DOI":"10.1021\/jf104517j","article-title":"Interaction of nanoparticles with edible plants and their possible implications in the food chain.","volume":"59","author":"Rico","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"B77","volume":"1","author":"Ritchie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Micronutrient Deficiency. In Published online at OurWorldInData.org (Issue August 2017)."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8120767","article-title":"Vitamin B12 among vegetarians: status, assessment and supplementation.","volume":"8","author":"Rizzo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aoas.2019.05.010","article-title":"Evaluating the effects of formulated nano-NPK slow release fertilizer composite on the performance and yield of maize, kale and capsicum.","volume":"64","author":"Rop","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2018.01254","article-title":"Enhancing quality of fresh vegetables through salinity eustress and biofortification applications facilitated by soilless cultivation.","volume":"9","author":"Rouphael","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143497","article-title":"Global update and trends of hidden hunger, 1995-2011: the hidden hunger Index.","volume":"10","author":"Ruel-Bergeron","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B82","article-title":"A review of 89 published case studies of vitamin B12 deficiency.","volume":"1","author":"Rusher","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hum. Nutr. Food Sci."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-12-124","article-title":"Effectiveness of the national program of complementary feeding for older adults in Chile on vitamin B12 status in older adults; secondary outcome analysis from the CENEX Study (ISRCTN48153354).","volume":"12","author":"Sanchez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2004.03.011","article-title":"Incorporation of a high level of vitamin B12 into a vegetable, kaiware daikon (Japanese radish sprout), by the absorption from its seeds.","volume":"1672","author":"Sato","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Gen. Subj."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.3109\/17435390.2015.1048326","article-title":"Barriers, pathways and processes for uptake, translocation and accumulation of nanomaterials in plants\u2013critical review.","volume":"10","author":"Schwab","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanotoxicology"},{"key":"B86","author":"Seaman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Investigation of Nutrient Solutions for the Hydroponic Growth of Plants Doctoral."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.impact.2015.12.002","article-title":"Nanotechnology in agriculture: next steps for understanding engineered nanoparticle exposure and risk.","volume":"1","author":"Servin","year":"2016","journal-title":"NanoImpact"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24142558","article-title":"Applications of nanotechnology in plant growth and crop protection: a review.","volume":"24","author":"Shang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1007\/s13204-015-0510-y","article-title":"Fe2O3 magnetic nanoparticles to enhance S. lycopersicum (tomato) plant growth and their biomineralization.","volume":"6","author":"Shankramma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Nanosci. (Switzerland)"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.2147\/NSA.S39406","article-title":"Nanotechnology in agri-food production: an overview.","volume":"7","author":"Singh Sekhon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nanotechnol. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4193","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.02490","article-title":"Guidelines on food fortification with micronutrients.","volume":"209","author":"Smith","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/c2018-0-02422-6","article-title":"Present knowledge in nutrition","author":"Stabler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Present Knowledge in Nutrition"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1113996","article-title":"Clinical practice. Vitamin B12 deficiency.","volume":"368","author":"Stabler","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12263-018-0591-9","article-title":"An update on vitamin B12-related gene polymorphisms and B12 status.","volume":"13","author":"Surendran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Genes Nutr."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-017-0834-2","article-title":"A promising approach to enhance microalgae productivity by exogenous supply of vitamins.","volume":"16","author":"Tandon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Factories"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/9781845937140.0000","article-title":"Combating micronutrient deficiencies: food-based approaches","author":"Thompson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Combating Micronutrient Deficiencies: Food-based Approaches"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1968","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12491","article-title":"Global concerns with B vitamin statuses: biofortification, fortification, hidden hunger, interactions, and toxicity.","volume":"18","author":"Titcomb","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Safe."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2013.11.067","article-title":"Exposure studies of core-shell Fe\/Fe3O4 and Cu\/CuO NPs to lettuce (Lactuca sativa) plants: are they a potential physiological and nutritional hazard?","volume":"267","author":"Trujillo-Reyes","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/79.5.805","article-title":"Breakfast cereal fortified with folic acid, vitamin B-6, and vitamin B-12 increases vitamin concentrations and reduces homocysteine concentrations: a randomized trial.","volume":"79","author":"Tucker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.3181\/0703-MR-67","article-title":"Vitamin B12 sources and bioavailability.","volume":"232","author":"Watanabe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370217746612","article-title":"Vitamin B12 sources and microbial interaction.","volume":"243","author":"Watanabe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.58.438","article-title":"Characterization of vitamin B12 compounds in the wild edible mushrooms black trumpet (Craterellus cornucopioides) and golden chanterelle (Cantharellus cibarius).","volume":"58","author":"Watanabe","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6051861","article-title":"Vitamin B12-containing plant food sources for vegetarians.","volume":"6","author":"Watanabe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6769","DOI":"10.1021\/jf401545z","article-title":"Biologically active vitamin B12 compounds in foods for preventing deficiency among vegetarians and elderly subjects.","volume":"61","author":"Watanabe","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4605","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.7b01375","article-title":"Folate biofortification in hydroponically cultivated spinach by the addition of phenylalanine.","volume":"65","author":"Watanabe","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"B106","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fact Sheets: Malnutrition. Fact Sheets: Malnutrition."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2018.05.062","article-title":"Enhancing vitamin B12 in lupin tempeh by in situ fortification.","volume":"96","author":"Wolkers \u2013 Rooijackers","year":"2018","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2020.110431","article-title":"Fermentation of cereal, pseudo-cereal and legume materials with Propionibacterium freudenreichii and Levilactobacillus brevis for vitamin B12 fortification.","volume":"137","author":"Xie","year":"2021","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.5b00072","article-title":"Fabrication of a high-performance fertilizer to control the loss of water and nutrient using micro\/nano networks.","volume":"3","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Plant Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpls.2021.668819\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]],"date-time":"2021-08-23T08:44:51Z","timestamp":1629708291000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpls.2021.668819\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]]},"references-count":109,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpls.2021.668819"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpls.2021.668819","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-462X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-462X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]]},"article-number":"668819"}}