{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T10:59:16Z","timestamp":1790679556113,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]],"date-time":"2021-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>A panel of 172 Mediterranean durum wheat landraces and 200 modern cultivars was phenotyped during three years for 21 agronomic and physiological traits and genotyped with 46,161 DArTseq markers. Modern cultivars showed greater yield, number of grains per spike (NGS) and harvest index (HI), but similar number of spikes per unit area (NS) and grain weight than the landraces. Modern cultivars had earlier heading but longer heading-anthesis and grain-filling periods than the landraces. They had greater RUE (Radiation Use Efficiency) up to anthesis and lower canopy temperature at anthesis than the landraces, but the opposite was true during the grain-filling period. Landraces produced more biomass at both anthesis and maturity. The 120 genotypes with a membership coefficient<jats:italic>q<\/jats:italic>&amp;gt; 0.8 to the five genetic subpopulations (SP) that structured the panel were related with the geographic distribution and evolutionary history of durum wheat. SP1 included landraces from eastern countries, the domestication region of the \u201cFertile Crescent.\u201d SP2 and SP3 consisted of landraces from the north and the south Mediterranean shores, where durum wheat spread during its migration westward. Decreases in NS, grain-filling duration and HI, but increases in early soil coverage, days to heading, biomass at anthesis, grain-filling rate, plant height and peduncle length occurred during this migration. SP4 grouped modern cultivars gathering the CIMMYT\/ICARDA genetic background, and SP5 contained modern north-American cultivars. SP4 was agronomically distant from the landraces, but SP5 was genetically and agronomically close to SP1. GWAS identified 2,046 marker-trait associations (MTA) and 144 QTL hotspots integrating 1,927 MTAs. Thirty-nine haplotype blocks (HB) with allelic differences among SPs and associated with 16 agronomic traits were identified within 13 QTL hotspots. Alleles in chromosomes 5A and 7A detected in landraces were associated with decreased yield. The late heading and short grain-filling period of SP2 and SP3 were associated with a hotspot on chromosome 7B. The heavy grains of SP3 were associated with hotspots on chromosomes 2A and 7A. The greater NGS and HI of modern cultivars were associated with allelic variants on chromosome 7A. A hotspot on chromosome 3A was associated with the high NGS, earliness and short stature of SP4.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.674470","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]],"date-time":"2021-07-08T07:12:29Z","timestamp":1625728349000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Agronomic, Physiological and Genetic Changes Associated With Evolution, Migration and Modern Breeding in Durum Wheat"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Conxita","family":"Royo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karim","family":"Ammar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dolors","family":"Villegas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose M.","family":"Soriano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s10681-009-0025-2","article-title":"Effects of reduced height (Rht) and photoperiod insensitivity (Ppd) alleles on yield of wheat in contrasting production systems","volume":"172","author":"Addisu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Euphytica"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj2007.0075","article-title":"Breeding effects on grain filling, biomass partitioning, and remobilization in Mediterranean durum wheat","volume":"100","author":"\u00c1lvaro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Agron. J"},{"key":"B3","first-page":"108","article-title":"Association among durum wheat international testing sites and trends in yield progress over the last twenty two years","volume-title":"International Symposium on Wheat Yield Potential: Challenges to International Wheat Breeding","author":"Ammar","year":"2008"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00016356","article-title":"Morpho-physiological traits to complement grain yield selection under semi-arid Mediterranean conditions in each of the durum wheat types Mediterraneum typicum and syriacum","volume":"86","author":"Annicchiarico","year":"1995","journal-title":"Euphytica"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0523.2008.01557.x","article-title":"Relationships among adaptation patterns, morphophysiological traits and molecular markers in durum wheat","volume":"128","author":"Annicchiarico","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plant Breed."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3835\/plantgenome2016.01.0008","article-title":"Genome-wide association mapping of leaf rust response in a durum wheat worldwide germplasm collection","author":"Aoun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plant Genome"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1111\/jac.12363","article-title":"Effect of allele combinations at Ppd-1 loci on durum wheat grain filling at contrasting latitudes","volume":"206","author":"Arjona","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Agron. Crop Sci"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.2135\/cropsci1996.0011183X003600030036x","article-title":"Genetic diversity in durum wheat based on RFLPs, morphophysiological traits, and coefficient of parentage","volume":"36","author":"Autrique","year":"1996","journal-title":"Crop Sci."},{"key":"B9","first-page":"35","article-title":"Durum wheat in WANA: production, trade, and gains from technological change","volume-title":"Durum Wheat Improvement in the Mediterranean Region: New Challenges","author":"Belaid","year":"2000"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Royal Stat. Soc."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018303922482","article-title":"Improving wheat grain filling under stress by stem reserve mobilisation","volume":"100","author":"Blum","year":"1998","journal-title":"Euphytica"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1071\/AR02007","article-title":"Field evaluation of early vigour for genetic improvement of grain yield in wheat","volume":"53","author":"Botwright","year":"2002","journal-title":"Aust. J. Agric. Res"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2633","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btm308","article-title":"TASSEL: software for association mapping of complex traits in diverse samples","volume":"23","author":"Bradbury","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1079\/PGR200591","article-title":"Defining and identifying crop landraces","volume":"3","author":"Camacho-Villa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Plant Genet. Res."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/jipb.12117","article-title":"Conventional digital cameras as a tool for assessing leaf area index and biomass for cereal breeding","volume":"56","author":"Casades\u00fas","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Integ. Plant Biol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.2016.25","article-title":"EigenGWAS: finding loci under selection through genome-wide association studies of eigenvectors in structured populations","volume":"117","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Heredity"},{"key":"B17","first-page":"921","article-title":"Durum wheat improvement in Canada","volume-title":"Durum Wheat Breeding: Current Approaches and Future Strategies. Vol. II","author":"Clarke","year":"2005"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1663\/0013-0001(2007)61[121:EDABDI]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Extending Darwin's analogy: bridging differences in concepts of selection between farmers, biologists and plant breeders","volume":"61","author":"Cleveland","year":"2007","journal-title":"Economic Bot."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1071\/AR01055","article-title":"Identification of quantitative trait loci for traits conferring weed competitiveness in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)","volume":"52","author":"Coleman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aust. J. Agric. Res"},{"key":"B20","first-page":"479","article-title":"Canadian wheat pool","volume-title":"The World Wheat Book. A History of Wheat Breeding","author":"De Pauw","year":"2001"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eja.2006.08.009","article-title":"Breeding progress in morpho-physiological, agronomical and qualitative traits of durum wheat cultivars released in Italy during the 20th century","volume":"26","author":"De Vita","year":"2007","journal-title":"Europ. J. Agron"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1007\/s00122-016-2683-5","article-title":"Cloning of TaSST genes associated with water soluble carbohydrate content in bread wheat stems and development of a functional marker","volume":"129","author":"Dong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Genet."},{"key":"B23","first-page":"11","article-title":"A rapid DNA isolation procedure for small quantities of fresh leaf tissue","volume":"19","author":"Doyle","year":"1987","journal-title":"Phytochem. Bull."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1080\/03650340.2012.708927","article-title":"Phenotypic diversity analysis of grain yield and yellow pigment content in germplasm collected from Iranian durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) landraces","volume":"59","author":"Fayaz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Agron. Soil Sci."},{"key":"B25","first-page":"3","article-title":"Origin of cultivated wheat","volume-title":"The World Wheat Book. A History of Wheat Breeding","author":"Feldman","year":"2001"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60345","DOI":"10.1016\/S2095-3119(18)61958-6","article-title":"Characterization of TaCOMT genes associated with stem lignin content in common wheat and development of a gene-specific marker","volume":"17","author":"Fu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Integr. Agr."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-407-00780-2.50005-9","article-title":"Dwarfing genes in wheat","volume-title":"Progress in Plant Breeding","author":"Gale","year":"1985"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj2003.2660","article-title":"Evaluation of grain yield and its components in durum wheat under Mediterranean conditions: an ontogenic approach","volume":"95","author":"Garc\u00eda del Moral","year":"2003","journal-title":"Agron. J."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2135\/1992.cropsandman","volume-title":"Crops and Man, 2nd Edn","author":"Harlan","year":"1992"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2020.109198","article-title":"Nutritional quality characterization of a set of durum wheat landraces from Iran and Mexico","volume":"124","author":"Hernandez-Espinosa","year":"2020","journal-title":"LWT Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcr063","article-title":"Changes in duration of developmental phases of durum wheat caused by breeding in Spain and Italy during the 20th century and its impact on yield","volume":"107","author":"Isidro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s00122-014-2417-5","article-title":"A yield-associated gene TaCWI, in wheat: its function, selection and evolution in global breeding revealed by haplotype analysis","volume":"128","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Genet"},{"key":"B33","first-page":"47","article-title":"Genetics and breeding of durum wheat in the United States","volume-title":"Durum Wheat. Chemistry and Technology","author":"Joppa","year":"1988"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2017.01277","article-title":"Genetic diversity within a global panel of durum wheat (Triticum durum) landraces and modern germplasm reveals the history of alleles exchange","volume":"8","author":"Kabbaj","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00229480","article-title":"Geographical variation in heading characters among wheat landraces, Triticum aestivum L., and its implication for their adaptability","volume":"84","author":"Kato","year":"1991","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Gen."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4290(88)90004-4","article-title":"Analysis of leaf, stem and ear growth in wheat from terminal spikelet stage at anthesis","volume":"18","author":"Kirby","year":"1988","journal-title":"Field Crops Res."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2019.01247","article-title":"Mapping of genetic loci conferring resistance to leaf rust from three globally resistant durum wheat sources","volume":"10","author":"Kthiri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B38","volume-title":"Impacts of International Wheat Improvement Research, 1994-2014","author":"Lantican","year":"2016"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.17221\/315-PSE","article-title":"Biomass accumulation and radiation use efficiency of winter wheat under deficit irrigation regimes","volume":"55","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plant Soil Environ."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1071\/AR05439","article-title":"Root characteristics of vigorous wheat improves early nitrogen uptake","volume":"57","author":"Liao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aust. J. Agric. Res"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2509","DOI":"10.1007\/s00122-019-03367-4","article-title":"Genome-wide variation patterns between landraces and cultivars uncover divergent selection during modern wheat breeding","volume":"132","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Genet."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3477","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erv122","article-title":"Exploiting genetic diversity from landraces in wheat breeding for adaptation to climate change","volume":"66","author":"Lopes","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4290(94)90082-5","article-title":"Variation in temperate cereals in rainfed environment. II. Phasic development and growth","volume":"37","author":"L\u00f3pez-Casta\u00f1eda","year":"1994","journal-title":"Field Crops Res"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-019-0381-3","article-title":"Durum wheat genome highlights past domestication signatures and future improvement targets","volume":"51","author":"Maccaferri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"B45","first-page":"99","article-title":"A retrospective analysis of genetic diversity in durum wheat elite germplasm based on microsatellite analysis: a case study","volume-title":"Durum Wheat Breeding: Current Approaches and Future Strategies. Vol. I","author":"Maccaferri","year":"2005"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1007\/s00122-003-1319-8","article-title":"Microsatellite analysis reveals a progressive widening of the genetic basis in the elite durum wheat germplasm","volume":"107","author":"Maccaferri","year":"2003","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Genet"},{"key":"B47","first-page":"3","article-title":"Wheat: its concept, evolution, and taxonomy","volume-title":"Durum Wheat Breeding: Current Approaches and Future Strategies. Vol. I","author":"MacKey","year":"2005"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.05.110","article-title":"Variability in iron, zinc and phytic acid content in a worldwide collection of commercial durum wheat cultivars and the effect of reduced irrigation on these traits","volume":"237","author":"Magallanes-Lopez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.3390\/genes9100465","article-title":"Molecular genotyping (SSR) and agronomic phenotyping for utilization of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) ex situ Collection from southern Italy: a combined approach including pedigreed varieties","volume":"9","author":"Marzario","year":"2018","journal-title":"Genes"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569905","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2020.569905","article-title":"The global durum wheat panel (GDP): an international platform to identifyand exchange beneficial alleles","volume":"11","author":"Mazzucotelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.4141\/cjps95-009","article-title":"Breeding durum wheat in western Canada: historical trends in yield and related variables","volume":"75","author":"McCaig","year":"1995","journal-title":"Can. J. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2005.02.009","article-title":"Yield formation strategies of durum wheat landraces with distinct pattern of dispersal within the Mediterranean basin: I. Yield components","volume":"95","author":"Moragues","year":"","journal-title":"Field Crops Res."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2005.02.008","article-title":"Yield formation strategies of durum wheat landraces with distinct pattern of dispersal within the Mediterranean basin: II. Biomass production and allocation","volume":"95","author":"Moragues","year":"","journal-title":"Field Crops Res."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1007\/s10722-006-9005-8","article-title":"Dispersal of durum wheat landraces across the Mediterranean basin assessed by AFLPs and microsatellites","volume":"54","author":"Moragues","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gen. Res. Crop Evol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eja.2007.01.007","article-title":"The effect of breeding on the phenology of Italian durum wheats: from landraces to modern cultivars","volume":"26","author":"Motzo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Agro."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4290(96)00021-4","article-title":"Relationships between grain-filling parameters, fertility, earliness and grain protein of durum wheat in a Mediterranean environment","volume":"47","author":"Motzo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Field Crops Res"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021859613000117","article-title":"Variability in glutenin subunit composition of Mediterranean durum wheat germplasm and its relationship with gluten strength","volume":"152","author":"Nazco","year":"","journal-title":"J. Agric. Sci. Cambridge"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1007\/s10722-014-0104-7","article-title":"Durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) Mediterranean landraces as sources of variability for allelic combinations at Glu-1\/Glu-3 loci affecting gluten strength and pasta cooking quality","volume":"61","author":"Nazco","year":"","journal-title":"Genet. Res. Crop Evol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10681-011-0588-6","article-title":"Can Mediterranean durum wheat landraces contribute to improved grain quality attributes in modern cultivars?","volume":"185","author":"Nazco","year":"2012","journal-title":"Euphytica"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj1991.00021962008300050018x","article-title":"Nitrogen and dry matter accumulation, remobilization, and losses for Mediterranean wheat during grain filling","volume":"83","author":"Papakosta","year":"1991","journal-title":"Agron. J."},{"key":"B61","first-page":"1031","article-title":"CIMMYT durum wheat improvement program","volume-title":"Durum Wheat Breeding: Current Approaches and Future Strategies. Vol. II","author":"Pfeiffer","year":"2005"},{"key":"B62","first-page":"83","article-title":"Enhancing genetic gain yield potential and yield stability in durum wheat","volume-title":"Durum Wheat Improvement in the Mediterranean Region: New Challenges","author":"Pfeiffer","year":"2000"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1004835621371","article-title":"Growth analysis of maize field crops under phosphorus deficiency. II. Radiation-use efficiency, biomass accumulation and yield components","volume":"224","author":"Plenet","year":"2000","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2011.09.022","article-title":"Height reduction and agronomic performance for selected gibberellin-responsive dwarfing genes in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)","volume":"126","author":"Rebetzke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Field Crops Res."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0218562","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0218562","article-title":"Genetic diversity and linkage disequilibrium using SNP (KASP) and AFLP markers in a worldwide durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var durum) collection","volume":"14","author":"Roncallo","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s10681-006-9327-9","article-title":"Genetic changes in durum wheat yield components and associated traits in Italian and Spanish varieties during the 20th century","volume":"155","author":"Royo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Euphytica"},{"key":"B67","first-page":"121","article-title":"Spanish wheat pool","volume-title":"The World Wheat Book. A History of Wheat Breeding. Vol. 2","author":"Royo","year":"2011"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2020.00838","article-title":"Allelic variation at the vernalization response (Vrn-1) and photoperiod sensitivity (Ppd-1) genes and their association with the development of durum wheat landraces and modern cultivars","volume":"11","author":"Royo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci"},{"key":"B69","first-page":"199","article-title":"Durum wheat breeding","volume-title":"Handbook of Plant Breeding: Cereals","author":"Royo","year":"2009"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2010.06.020","article-title":"Understanding the relationships between genetic and phenotypic structures of a collection of elite durum wheat accessions","volume":"119","author":"Royo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Field Crops Res"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj2007.0060","article-title":"Changes in yield and carbon isotope discrimination of Italian and Spanish durum wheat during the 20th century","volume":"100","author":"Royo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Agron. J."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1007\/s10722-014-0116-3","article-title":"The climate of the zone of origin of Mediterranean durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) landraces affects their agronomic performance","volume":"61","author":"Royo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gen. Res. Crop Evol."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.69184","article-title":"Wheat: a crop in the bottom of the Mediterranean diet pyramid","volume-title":"Mediterranean Identities-Environment, Society, Culture","author":"Royo","year":"2017"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1071\/AR01016","article-title":"Comparative performance of carbon isotope discrimination and canopy temperature depression as predictors of genotype differences in durum wheat yield in Spain","volume":"53","author":"Royo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Aust. J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1556\/CRC.34.2006.2-3.233","article-title":"Grain growth and yield formation of durum wheat grown at contrasting latitudes and water regimes in a Mediterranean environment","volume":"34","author":"Royo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cer. Res. Comm"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s13562-019-00501-7","article-title":"Molecular genetic diversity analysis for heat tolerance of indigenous and exotic wheat genotypes","volume":"29","author":"Sareen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Plant Biochem. Biotech"},{"key":"B77","volume-title":"The contribution of Italian Wheat Geneticists: From Nazareno Strampelli to Francesco D'Amato","author":"Scarascia Mugnozza","year":"2005"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1556\/0806.45.2017.056","article-title":"Potential use of Sicilian landraces in biofortification of modern durum wheat varieties: evaluation of caryopsis micronutrient concentrations","volume":"46","author":"Sciacca","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cere. Res. Comm"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1071\/AR9890473","article-title":"Growth, development and light interception of old and modern wheat cultivars in a Mediterranean-type environment","volume":"40","author":"Siddique","year":"1989","journal-title":"Aust. J. Agric. Res"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0178290","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0178290","article-title":"Dissecting the old Mediterranean durum wheat genetic architecture for phenology, biomass and yield formation by association mapping and QTL meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Soriano","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10040258","article-title":"Labelling selective sweeps used in durum wheat breeding from a diverse and structured panel of landraces and cultivars","volume":"10","author":"Soriano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biology"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0160983","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0160983","article-title":"Genetic structure of modern durum wheat cultivars and Mediterranean landraces matches with their agronomic performance","volume":"11","author":"Soriano","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2018.00080","article-title":"Durum wheat landraces from east and west regions of the Mediterranean basin are genetically distinct for yield components and phenology","volume":"9","author":"Soriano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eja.2015.04.009","article-title":"Breeding effects on the cultivar x environment interaction of durum wheat yield","volume":"68","author":"Subira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Agron."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1071\/CP13238","article-title":"Breeding progress in the pasta-making quality of durum wheat cultivars released in Italy and Spain during the 20th century","volume":"65","author":"Subir\u00e0","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crop Pasture Sci"},{"key":"B86","first-page":"433","article-title":"The origin, variation, immunity and breeding of cultivated plants","volume":"115","author":"Vavilov","year":"1951","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1111\/jac.12146","article-title":"Daylength, temperature and solar radiation effects on the phenology and yield formation of spring durum wheat","volume":"202","author":"Villegas","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Agron. and Crop Sci."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1017\/S002185960007951X","article-title":"The yield of durum wheats released in Mexico between 1960 and 1984","volume":"108","author":"Waddington","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Agric. Sci. Cambridge"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3180.1974.tb01084.x","article-title":"A decimal code for the growth stage of cereals","volume":"14","author":"Zadoks","year":"1974","journal-title":"Weed Res."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018683119237","article-title":"Landraces: a review of definitions and classifications","volume":"104","author":"Zeven","year":"1998","journal-title":"Euphytica"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.13030","article-title":"A wheat 1-FEH-w3 variant underlies enzyme activity for stem WSC remobilization to grain under drought","volume":"205","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1007\/s11032-014-0102-7","article-title":"TaGS-D1, an ortholog of rice OsGS3, is associated with grain weight and grain length in common wheat","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol.Breed."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5351","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/eru306","article-title":"TEF-7A, a transcript elongation factor gene, influences yield-related traits in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)","volume":"65","author":"Zheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Plant Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpls.2021.674470\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]],"date-time":"2023-01-03T09:06:53Z","timestamp":1672736813000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpls.2021.674470\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]]},"references-count":93,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpls.2021.674470"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpls.2021.674470","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-462X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-462X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]]},"article-number":"674470"}}