{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T10:38:43Z","timestamp":1787481523113,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]],"date-time":"2021-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633305600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003074","name":"Agencia Nacional de Promoci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PICT 2016-0310"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT 2016-0310"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003074","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003074","name":"Agencia Nacional de Promoci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PICT 2016-0621"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT 2016-0621"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003074","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003074","name":"Agencia Nacional de Promoci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PICT 2016-0113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT 2016-0113"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003074","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"NIAID","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI129807"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI129807"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Plant 90kDa heat shock protein (HSP90) is a potent adjuvant that increases both humoral and cellular immune responses to diverse proteins and peptides. In this study, we explored whether<jats:italic>Arabidopsis thaliana<\/jats:italic>HSP90 (AtHsp81.2) can improve the immune effects of a<jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>surface antigen 1 (SAG1). We designed two constructs containing the sequence of mature antigen (SAG1<jats:sub>m<\/jats:sub>), from aa<jats:sub>77<\/jats:sub>to aa<jats:sub>322,<\/jats:sub>and B- and T-cell antigenic epitope-containing SAG1<jats:sub>HC<\/jats:sub>, from aa<jats:sub>221<\/jats:sub>to aa<jats:sub>319<\/jats:sub>fused to AtHsp81.2 sequence. When comparing the transient expression in<jats:italic>Nicotiana tabacum<\/jats:italic>X-27-8 leaves, which overexpress the suppressor helper component protease HC-Pro-tobacco etch virus (TEV), to that in<jats:italic>N. benthamiana<\/jats:italic>leaves, co-agroinfiltrated with the suppressor p19, optimal conditions included 6-week-old<jats:italic>N. benthamiana<\/jats:italic>plants, 7-day time to harvest,<jats:italic>Agrobacterium tumefaciens<\/jats:italic>cultures with an OD<jats:sub>600nm<\/jats:sub>of 0.6 for binary vectors and LED lights. While AtHsp81.2-SAG1<jats:sub>m<\/jats:sub>fusion protein was undetectable by Western blot in any of the evaluated conditions, AtHsp81.2\u2013SAG1<jats:sub>HC<\/jats:sub>was expressed as intact fusion protein, yielding up to 90\u03bcg\/g of fresh weight. Besides, the AtHsp81.2\u2013SAG1<jats:sub>HC<\/jats:sub>mRNA was strongly expressed compared to the endogenous<jats:italic>Nicotiana tabacum<\/jats:italic>elongation factor-alpha (NtEF\u03b1) gene, whereas the AtHsp81.2\u2013SAG1<jats:sub>m<\/jats:sub>mRNA was almost undetectable. Finally, mice were orally immunized with AtHsp81.2\u2013SAG1<jats:sub>HC<\/jats:sub>-infiltrated fresh leaves (plAtHsp81.2\u2013SAG1<jats:sub>HC<\/jats:sub>group), recombinant AtHsp81.2\u2013SAG1<jats:sub>HC<\/jats:sub>purified from infiltrated leaves (rAtHsp81.2\u2013SAG1<jats:sub>HC<\/jats:sub>group), non-infiltrated fresh leaves (control group), or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS group). Serum samples from plAtHsp81.2\u2013SAG1<jats:sub>HC<\/jats:sub>-immunized mice had significantly higher levels of IgGt, IgG2a, and IgG2b anti-SAG1<jats:sub>HC<\/jats:sub>antibodies than serum from rAtHsp81.2\u2013SAG1<jats:sub>HC<\/jats:sub>, control, and PBS groups. The number of cysts per brain in the plAtHsp81.2\u2013SAG1<jats:sub>HC<\/jats:sub>-immunized mice was significantly reduced, and the parasite load in brain tissue was also lower in this group compared with the remaining groups. In an immunoblot assay, plant-expressed AtHsp81.2-SAG1<jats:sub>HC<\/jats:sub>was shown to react with antibodies present in sera from<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>-infected people. Therefore, the plant expression of a<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>antigen fused to the non-pathogenic adjuvant and carrier plant HSP90 as formulations against<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>can improve the vaccine efficacy, and plant extract can be directly used for vaccination without the need to purify the protein, making this platform a suitable and powerful biotechnological system for immunogenic antigen expression against toxoplasmosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.726910","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]],"date-time":"2021-10-04T18:57:53Z","timestamp":1633373873000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Oral Immunization With a Plant HSP90-SAG1 Fusion Protein Produced in Tobacco Elicits Strong Immune Responses and Reduces Cyst Number and Clinical Signs of Toxoplasmosis in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Edwin F.","family":"S\u00e1nchez-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana G.","family":"Corigliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Oliferuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor A.","family":"Ramos-Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maximiliano","family":"Rivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisa F.","family":"Mendoza-Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio O.","family":"Angel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeria A.","family":"Sander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Clemente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.15171\/apb.2019.073","article-title":"Evaluation of immunogenic effect of Toxoplasma gondii recombinant SAG-1 antigen with propranolol as adjuvant in BALB\/c mice","volume":"9","author":"Abasi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. 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