{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T04:54:17Z","timestamp":1784955257517,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]],"date-time":"2021-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637712000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The vase life of cut flowers is largely affected by post-harvest water loss. Cuticular wax is the primary barrier to uncontrolled water loss for aerial plant organs. Studies on leaf cuticular transpiration have been widely conducted; however, little is known about cuticular transpiration in flowers. Here, the cuticular transpiration rate and wax composition of three lily cultivars were determined. The minimum water conductance of tepal cuticles was higher at the green bud than open flower stage. Lily cuticular transpiration exhibited cultivar- and organ-specific differences, where transpiration from the tepals was higher than leaves and was higher in the \u2018Huang Tianba\u2019 than \u2018Tiber\u2019 cultivar. The overall wax coverage of the tepals was higher compared to that of the leaves. Very-long-chain aliphatics were the main wax constituents and were dominated by <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>-alkanes with carbon (C) chain lengths of C<jats:sub>27<\/jats:sub> and C<jats:sub>29<\/jats:sub>, and C<jats:sub>29<\/jats:sub> and C<jats:sub>31<\/jats:sub> in the tepal and leaf waxes, respectively. Primary alcohols and fatty acids as well as small amounts of alkyl esters, ketones, and branched or unsaturated <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>-alkanes were also detected in both tepal and leaf waxes, depending on the cultivar and organ. In addition, the chain-length distributions were similar between compound classes within cultivars, whereas the predominant C-chain lengths were substantially different between organs. This suggests that the less effective transpiration barrier provided by the tepal waxes may result from the shorter C-chain aliphatics in the tepal cuticle, compared to those in the leaf cuticle. These findings provide further insights to support the exploration of potential techniques for extending the shelf life of cut flowers based on cuticular transpiration barrier properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.781987","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T23:00:43Z","timestamp":1638313243000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Variation in Petal and Leaf Wax Deposition Affects Cuticular Transpiration in Cut Lily Flowers"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Guiping","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hairong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinfan","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaorong","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lihong","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcz143","article-title":"Constructing functional cuticles: analysis of relationships between cuticle lipid composition, ultrastructure, and water barrier function in developing adult maize leaves","volume":"125","author":"Bourgault","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erg195","article-title":"Ecophysiological relevance of cuticular transpiration of deciduous and evergreen plants in relation to stomatal closure and leaf water potential","volume":"54","author":"Burghardt","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.114.249235","article-title":"Wax layers on Cosmos bipinnatus petals contribute unequally to total petal water resistance","volume":"167","author":"Buschhaus","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-016-2603-6","article-title":"Changes in cuticular wax coverage and composition on developing Arabidopsis leaves are influenced by wax biosynthesis gene expression levels and trichome density","volume":"245","author":"Busta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2019.01.006","article-title":"Chemical composition and water permeability of the cuticular wax barrier in rose leaf and petal: a comparative investigation","volume":"135","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2020.111231","article-title":"Involvement of pectin and hemicellulose depolymerization in cut gerbera flower stem bending during vase life","volume":"167","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Postharvest Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2021.111636","article-title":"Partitioning of transpiration to cut flower organs and its mediating role on vase life response to dry handling: a case study in chrysanthemum","volume":"181","author":"Fanourakis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Postharvest Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3054.2003.00047.x","article-title":"Cuticle characteristics and volatile emissions of petals in Antirrhinum majus","volume":"117","author":"Goodwin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/s0031-9422(00)00250-8","article-title":"A comparison of the composition of epicuticular wax from red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) and hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna Jacq.) flowers","volume":"55","author":"Griffiths","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(99)00298-8","article-title":"Epicuticular waxes and volatiles from faba bean (Vicia faba) flowers","volume":"52","author":"Griffiths","year":"1999","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2017.04.004","article-title":"Cuticular wax coverage and composition differ among organs of Taraxacum officinale","volume":"115","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3926","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.7b00818","article-title":"Comparative analyses of cuticular waxes on various organs of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)","volume":"65","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8790","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.7b03049","article-title":"Chemical composition and water permeability of fruit and leaf cuticles of Olea europaea L","volume":"65","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.108.1.369","article-title":"Leaf epicuticular waxes of the eceriferum mutants in Arabidopsis","volume":"108","author":"Jenks","year":"1995","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.15.01699","article-title":"Localization of the transpiration barrier in the epi- and intracuticular waxes of eight plant species: water transport resistances are associated with fatty acyl rather than alicyclic components","volume":"170","author":"Jetter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.126.4.1725","article-title":"Chemical composition of the Prunus laurocerasus leaf surface. Dynamic changes of the epicuticular wax film during leaf development","volume":"126","author":"Jetter","year":"2001","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-007-0489-z","article-title":"Cuticular wax biosynthesis in petunia petals: cloning and characterization of an alcohol-acyltransferase that synthesizes wax-esters","volume":"226","author":"King","year":"2007","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTSCI14945-20","article-title":"Investigation of stomata in cut \u2018Master\u2019 carnations: organographic distribution, morphology, and contribution to water loss","volume":"55","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hort Sci."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2020.109463","article-title":"Application of nano-silver particles to control the postharvest biology of cut flowers: A review","volume":"270","author":"Naing","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Hort."},{"key":"ref20","volume-title":"Physicochemical and Environmental Plant Physiology.","author":"Nobel","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.14269","article-title":"Surface wax esters contribute to drought tolerance in Arabidopsis","volume":"98","author":"Patwari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"130","article-title":"Waxes \u2014 the transport barriers of plant cuticles","volume-title":"Waxes: Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Functions.","author":"Riederer","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1093\/jexbot\/52.363.2023","article-title":"Protecting against water loss: analysis of the barrier properties of plant cuticles","volume":"52","author":"Riederer","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00333931","article-title":"Ecophysiology of cuticular transpiration: comparative investigation of cuticular water permeability of plant species from different habitats","volume":"107","author":"Schreiber","year":"1996","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5271","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erx321","article-title":"The ecophysiology of leaf cuticular transpiration: are cuticular water permeabilities adapted to ecological conditions?","volume":"68","author":"Schuster","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001388","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1001388","article-title":"SHINE transcription factors act redundantly to pattern the archetypal surface of Arabidopsis flower organs","volume":"7","author":"Shi","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4238(00)00229-6","article-title":"Water loss and postharvest characteristics of cut roses grown at high or moderate relative air humidity","volume":"89","author":"Torre","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1007\/s11738-020-03044-w","article-title":"Genotypic and phenotypic differences in fresh weight partitioning of cut rose stems: implications for water loss","volume":"42","author":"Tsaniklidis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Plant"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2011.04.013","article-title":"Postharvest quality of cut lily flowers","volume":"62","author":"van Doorn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Postharvest Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcr065","article-title":"Why do so many petals have conical epidermal cells?","volume":"108","author":"Whitney","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.113.222737","article-title":"The formation and function of plant cuticles","volume":"163","author":"Yeats","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Plant Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpls.2021.781987\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T23:00:46Z","timestamp":1638313246000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpls.2021.781987\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]]},"references-count":31,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpls.2021.781987"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpls.2021.781987","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-462X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-462X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]]},"article-number":"781987"}}