{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T23:54:46Z","timestamp":1789516486414,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]],"date-time":"2021-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637798400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32060452"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32060452"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32160447"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32160447"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"Rice (Oryza sativa<\/jats:italic> L.) is an important staple food crop for more than half of the world\u2019s population. Enhancing the grain quality and yield of rice to meet growing demand remains a major challenge. Here, we show that OsMKK3<\/jats:italic> encode a MAP kinase kinase that controls grain size and chalkiness by affecting cell proliferation in spikelet hulls. We showed that OsSPL16<\/jats:italic>, GS5<\/jats:italic>, and GIF1<\/jats:italic> have a substantial effect on the OsMKK3<\/jats:italic>-regulated grain size pathway. OsMKK3<\/jats:italic> has experienced strong directional selection in indica<\/jats:italic> and japonica<\/jats:italic>. Wild rice accessions contained four OsMKK3<\/jats:italic> haplotypes, suggesting that the OsMKK3<\/jats:italic> haplotypes present in cultivated rice likely originated from different wild rice accessions during rice domestication. OsMKK3<\/jats:italic>-Hap1, gs3<\/jats:italic>, and gw8<\/jats:italic> were polymerized to enhance the grain length. Polymerization of beneficial alleles, such as OsMKK3<\/jats:italic>-Hap1, gs3<\/jats:italic>, gw8<\/jats:italic>, fgr<\/jats:italic>, alk<\/jats:italic>, chalk5<\/jats:italic>, and wx<\/jats:italic>, also improved the quality of hybrid rice. Overall, the results indicated that beneficial OsMKK3<\/jats:italic> alleles could be used for genomic-assisted breeding for rice cultivar improvement and be polymerized with other beneficial alleles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.784037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T01:16:43Z","timestamp":1638321403000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Natural Variation in OsMKK3 Contributes to Grain Size and Chalkiness in Rice"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yinghua","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haifeng","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingcheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Abdul Rehman","family":"Rashid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunju","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiyong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingka","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuntao","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongjing","family":"Qing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijun","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaoxing","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danting","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guofu","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D1023","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku1039","article-title":"SNP-Seek database of SNPs derived from 3000 rice genomes.","volume":"43","author":"Alexandrov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1113373","article-title":"Cytokinin oxidase regulates rice grain production.","volume":"309","author":"Ashikari","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7652.2005.00131.x","article-title":"The gene for fragrance in rice.","volume":"3","author":"Bradbury","year":"2005","journal-title":"Plant Biotechnol. 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