{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T08:15:06Z","timestamp":1791015306653,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,2]],"date-time":"2022-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are important proteins used in many life science applications, from diagnostics to therapeutics. High demand for mAbs for different applications urges the development of rapid and reliable recombinant production platforms. Plants provide a quick and inexpensive system for producing recombinant mAbs. Moreover, when paired with an established platform for mAb discovery, plants can easily be tailored to produce mAbs of different isotypes against the same target. Here, we demonstrate that a hybridoma-generated mouse mAb against chitinase 1 (CTS1), an antigen from\n                    <jats:italic>Coccidioides<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp., can be biologically engineered for use with serologic diagnostic test kits for coccidioidomycosis (Valley Fever) using plant expression. The original mouse IgG was modified and recombinantly produced in glycoengineered\n                    <jats:italic>Nicotiana benthamiana<\/jats:italic>\n                    plants\n                    <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic>\n                    transient expression as IgG and IgM isotypes with human kappa, gamma, and mu constant regions. The two mAb isotypes produced in plants were shown to maintain target antigen recognition to CTS1 using similar reagents as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved Valley Fever diagnostic kits. As none of the currently approved kits provide antibody dilution controls, humanization of antibodies that bind to CTS1, a major component of the diagnostic antigen preparation, may provide a solution to the lack of consistently reactive antibody controls for Valley Fever diagnosis. Furthermore, our work provides a foundation for reproducible and consistent production of recombinant mAbs engineered to have a specific isotype for use in diagnostic assays.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.925008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,2]],"date-time":"2022-09-02T00:56:17Z","timestamp":1662080177000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Humanization and expression of IgG and IgM antibodies in plants as potential diagnostic reagents for Valley Fever"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Collin","family":"Jugler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisca J.","family":"Grill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lukas","family":"Eidenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy L.","family":"Karr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas E.","family":"Grys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herta","family":"Steinkellner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas F.","family":"Lake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1986","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01986","article-title":"Phage display derived monoclonal antibodies: From bench to bedside","volume":"11","author":"Alfaleh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. 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Sci."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9111365","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-induced interleukin 6 signaling is blocked by a plant-produced anti-interleukin 6 receptor monoclonal antibody","volume":"9","author":"Jugler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2107249118","article-title":"Highly active engineered IgG3 antibodies against SARS-CoV-2","volume":"118","author":"Kallolimath","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myy059","article-title":"Interlaboratory agreement of coccidioidomycosis enzyme immunoassay from two different manufacturers","volume":"57","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. 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Exp."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6263","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1320544111","article-title":"Expression and glycoengineering of functionally active heteromultimeric IgM in plants","volume":"111","author":"Loos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-019-0592-z","article-title":"Development of therapeutic antibodies for the treatment of diseases","volume":"27","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biomed. 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Chem."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(95)00654-0","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of two chitinase-encoding genes (cts1, cts2) from the fungus Coccidioides immitis","volume":"167","author":"Pishko","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1900308","DOI":"10.1002\/biot.201900308","article-title":"Steric accessibility of the cleavage sites dictates the Proteolytic vulnerability of the anti-HIV-1 antibodies 2F5, 2G12, and PG9 in plants","volume":"15","author":"Puchol Tarazona","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13777","article-title":"Reversion of advanced Ebola virus disease in nonhuman primates with ZMapp","volume":"514","author":"Qiu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18002","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)37143-1","article-title":"Direct evidence that J chain regulates the polymeric structure of IgM in antibody-secreting B cells","volume":"267","author":"Randall","year":"","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.3.962","article-title":"J chain synthesis and secretion of hexameric IgM is differentially regulated by lipopolysaccharide and interleukin 5","volume":"89","author":"Randall","year":"","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. 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Chem."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Plant Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpls.2022.925008\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,2]],"date-time":"2022-09-02T00:56:22Z","timestamp":1662080182000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpls.2022.925008\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,2]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpls.2022.925008"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpls.2022.925008","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2022.04.27.489777","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1664-462X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-462X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,2]]},"article-number":"925008"}}