{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T11:13:12Z","timestamp":1791457992922,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]],"date-time":"2022-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660694400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Chromium (Cr) is a toxic heavy metal that contaminates soil and water resources after its discharge from different industries. A pot experiment was conducted to determine the effects of single and\/or combined application of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) (250 \u03bcM) and sodium hydrogen sulfide (NaHS) (1 mM) on growth, photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange characteristics, oxidative stress biomarkers, antioxidant machinery (enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants), ion uptake, organic acid exudation, and Cr uptake of spinach (\n                    <jats:italic>Spinacia oleracea<\/jats:italic>\n                    L.) exposed to severe Cr stress [Cr: 0 (no Cr), 150, and 300 \u03bcM]. Our results depicted that Cr addition to the soil significantly (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.05) decreased plant growth and biomass, gas exchange attributes, and mineral uptake by\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>oleracea<\/jats:italic>\n                    when compared to the plants grown without the addition of Cr. However, Cr toxicity boosted the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by increasing the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), which is the indication of oxidative stress in\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>oleracea<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and was also manifested by hydrogen peroxide (H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) content and electrolyte leakage to the membrane-bound organelles. The results showed that the activities of various antioxidative enzymes, such as superoxidase dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and the content of non-enzymatic antioxidants, such as phenolic, flavonoid, ascorbic acid, and anthocyanin, initially increased with an increase in the Cr concentration in the soil. The results also revealed that the levels of soluble sugar, reducing sugar, and non-reducing sugar were decreased in plants grown under elevating Cr levels, but the accumulation of the metal in the roots and shoots of\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>oleracea<\/jats:italic>\n                    , was found to be increased, and the values of bioaccumulation factor were &amp;lt;1 in all the Cr treatments. The negative impacts of Cr injury were reduced by the application of SNP and NaHS (individually or combined), which increased plant growth and biomass, improved photosynthetic apparatus, antioxidant enzymes, and mineral uptake, as well as diminished the exudation of organic acids and oxidative stress indicators in roots of\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>oleracea<\/jats:italic>\n                    by decreasing Cr toxicity. Here, we conclude that the application of SNP and NaHS under the exposure to Cr stress significantly improved plant growth and biomass, photosynthetic pigments, and gas exchange characteristics; regulated antioxidant defense system and essential nutrient uptake; and balanced organic acid exudation pattern in\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>oleracea<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.973740","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]],"date-time":"2022-08-17T04:24:08Z","timestamp":1660710248000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Individual and combinatorial effects of SNP and NaHS on morpho-physio-biochemical attributes and phytoextraction of chromium through Cr-stressed spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jing","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Hamzah","family":"Saleem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghulam","family":"Yasin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sahar","family":"Mumtaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Freeha Fatima","family":"Qureshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baber","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sezai","family":"Ercisli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sadeq K.","family":"Alhag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed Ezzat","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan C.","family":"Vodnar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iqbal","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romina Alina","family":"Marc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"Catalase in vitro, Methods in Enzymology [13]","author":"Aebi","year":"1984"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2018.09.009","article-title":"Photosynthetic apparatus plays a central role in photosensitive physiological acclimations affecting spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) growth in response to blue and red photon flux ratios","volume":"156","author":"Agarwal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/ppl.13001","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide alleviates chromium stress on cauliflower by restricting its uptake and enhancing antioxidative system","volume":"168","author":"Ahmad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s10725-014-9917-9","article-title":"Improvement of element uptake and antioxidative defense in Brassica napus under lead stress by application of hydrogen sulfide","volume":"74","author":"Ali","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plant Growth Regul."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.3390\/life12020219","article-title":"Bacillus mycoides pm35 reinforces photosynthetic efficiency, antioxidant defense, expression of stress-responsive genes, and ameliorates the effects of salinity stress in maize","volume":"12","author":"Ali","year":"","journal-title":"Life."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11030345","article-title":"PGPR-mediated salt tolerance in maize by modulating plant physiology, antioxidant defense, compatible solutes accumulation and bio-surfactant producing genes","volume":"11","author":"Ali","year":"","journal-title":"Plants."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2017.08.010","article-title":"Seed priming by sodium nitroprusside improves salt tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by enhancing physiological and biochemical parameters","volume":"119","author":"Ali","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2012.11.015","article-title":"The influence of silicon on barley growth, photosynthesis and ultra-structure under chromium stress","volume":"89","author":"Ali","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-018-3861-3","article-title":"Effects of biochar on growth, photosynthesis, and chromium (Cr) uptake in Brassica rapa L. under Cr stress","volume":"11","author":"Ali","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arab. J. Geosci."},{"key":"B10","first-page":"345","author":"Amna","year":"2021"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s11099-016-0240-8","article-title":"Effect of sodium nitroprusside on responses of Melissa officinalis to bicarbonate exposure and direct Fe deficiency stress","volume":"55","author":"Amooaghaie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Photosynthetica"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.24.1.1","article-title":"Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts. Polyphenoloxidase in Beta vulgaris","volume":"24","author":"Arnon","year":"1949","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2017.02.042","article-title":"Melatonin and nitric oxide regulate sunflower seedling growth under salt stress accompanying differential expression of Cu\/Zn SOD and Mn SOD","volume":"106","author":"Arora","year":"2017","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45527","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-19066-5","article-title":"Taurine modulates dynamics of oxidative defense, secondary metabolism, and nutrient relation to mitigate boron and chromium toxicity in Triticum aestivum L. plants","volume":"29","author":"Ashraf","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3963","DOI":"10.1021\/jf990347p","article-title":"Phenolic antioxidants from the leaves of Corchorus olitorius L","volume":"47","author":"Azuma","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00018060","article-title":"Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies","volume":"39","author":"Bates","year":"1973","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s11738-017-2508-4","article-title":"Copper accumulation, localization and antioxidant response in Eclipta alba L. in relation to quantitative variation of the metal in soil","volume":"39","author":"Chandrasekhar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"B18","first-page":"107","article-title":"Assay of superoxide dismutase activity by combining electrophoresis and densitometry","volume":"37","author":"Chen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Bot. Bull. Acad. Sinica"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-012-1275-7","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide alleviates aluminum toxicity in barley seedlings","volume":"362","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.109706","article-title":"Alleviation of chromium toxicity in maize by Fe fortification and chromium tolerant ACC deaminase producing plant growth promoting rhizobacteria","volume":"185","author":"Danish","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7652.2009.00403.x","article-title":"Transgenic barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) expressing the wheat aluminium resistance gene (TaALMT1) shows enhanced phosphorus nutrition and grain production when grown on an acid soil","volume":"7","author":"Delhaize","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plant Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9452(98)00025-9","article-title":"Antioxidant responses of rice seedlings to salinity stress","volume":"135","author":"Dionisio-Sese","year":"1998","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(03)00570-8","article-title":"Excess chromium alters uptake and translocation of certain nutrients in citrullus","volume":"53","author":"Dube","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60111a017","article-title":"Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances","volume":"28","author":"Dubois","year":"1956","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-017-3356-y","article-title":"Chromium in agricultural soils and crops: a review","volume":"228","author":"Ertani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1080\/15226514.2018.1556595","article-title":"Combined application of citric acid and 5-aminolevulinic acid improved biomass, photosynthesis and gas exchange attributes of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) grown on chromium contaminated soil","volume":"21","author":"Farid","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Phytoremediation"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2003.10.002","article-title":"Bioaccumulation of cadmium, chromium and copper by Convolvulus arvensis L.: impact on plant growth and uptake of nutritional elements","volume":"92","author":"Gardea-Torresdey","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/s00344-020-10111-6","article-title":"Stress protective effect of rhododendron arboreum Leaves (MEL) on chromium-treated vigna radiata plants","volume":"40","author":"Gautam","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Plant Growth Regul."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2012.12.001","article-title":"Importance of nitric oxide in cadmium stress tolerance in crop plants","volume":"63","author":"Gill","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2004.02.003","article-title":"The effect of fire on soil organic matter\u2014a review","volume":"30","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-P\u00e9rez","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-008-9725-y","article-title":"Role of rhizosphere mechanisms in Cd uptake by various wheat cultivars","volume":"312","author":"Greger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2433","DOI":"10.1007\/s00344-021-10378-3","article-title":"seed priming with sodium nitroprusside and H2O2 confers better yield in wheat under salinity: water relations, antioxidative defense mechanism and ion homeostasis","volume":"40","author":"Habib","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Plant Growth Regul."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9020285","article-title":"Use of nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide for better yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under water deficit conditions: growth, osmoregulation, and antioxidative defense mechanism","volume":"9","author":"Habib","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(68)90654-1","article-title":"Photoperoxidation in isolated chloroplasts: I. Kinetics and stoichiometry of fatty acid peroxidation","volume":"125","author":"Heath","year":"1968","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11317","DOI":"10.3390\/su132011317","article-title":"Alleviation of cadmium phytotoxicity using silicon fertilization in wheat by altering antioxidant metabolism and osmotic adjustment","volume":"13","author":"Heile","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1007\/s00344-018-9831-x","article-title":"Role of zinc\u2013lysine on growth and chromium uptake in rice plants under Cr stress","volume":"37","author":"Hussain","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Plant Growth Regul."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1007\/s00344-021-10401-7","article-title":"Choline chloride mediates chromium tolerance in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) by restricting its uptake in relation to morpho-physio-biochemical attributes","volume":"41","author":"Hussain","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Plant Growth Regul."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3770(81)90047-4","article-title":"Glycolate metabolism of three submersed aquatic angiosperms: effect of heavy metals","volume":"11","author":"Jana","year":"1981","journal-title":"Aquat. Bot."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1876","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-012-1413-z","article-title":"Changes in pH and organic acids in mucilage of Eriophorum angustifolium roots after exposure to elevated concentrations of toxic elements","volume":"20","author":"Javed","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"B40","unstructured":"Chromium retention potential of two contrasting Solanum lycopersicum Mill. cultivars as deciphered by altered pH dynamics, growth, and organic acid exudation under Cr stress2754227554\n            JavedM. T.\n            TanwirK.\n            AbbasS.\n            SaleemM. H.\n            IqbalR.\n            ChaudharyH. J.\n          10.1007\/s11356-020-12269-833511536Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res.282021"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12612","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-1510-8","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide regulates the levels of key metabolites and antioxidant defense system to counteract oxidative stress in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) plants exposed to high zinc regime","volume":"25","author":"Kaya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"B42","unstructured":"Silicon is dependent on hydrogen sulphide to improve boron toxicity tolerance in pepper plants by regulating the AsA-GSH cycle and glyoxalase system127241\n            KayaC.\n            AshrafM.\n            Al-HuqailA. A.\n            AlqahtaniM. A.\n            AhmadP.\n          10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.12724132526468Chemosphere257"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2019.08.024","article-title":"The putative role of endogenous nitric oxide in brassinosteroid-induced antioxidant defence system in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) plants under water stress","volume":"143","author":"Kaya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1111\/ppl.12976","article-title":"Integrative roles of nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide in melatonin-induced tolerance of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) plants to iron deficiency and salt stress alone or in combination","volume":"168","author":"Kaya","year":"","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.30848\/PJB2021-6(42)","article-title":"The effect of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and salicylic acid on growth and biodiesel production potential of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) under water stress","volume":"53","author":"Khattak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pak. J. Bot."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0010(199805)77:1<45::AID-JSFA1>3.0.CO;2-S","article-title":"Determination of anthocyanins, flavonoids and phenolic acids in potatoes. I: Coloured cultivars of Solanum tuberosum L","volume":"77","author":"Lewis","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124896","article-title":"Coupling enhancement of Chromium (VI) bioreduction in groundwater by phosphorus minerals","volume":"240","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10848","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-1352-4","article-title":"Management of tannery wastewater for improving growth attributes and reducing chromium uptake in spinach through citric acid application","volume":"25","author":"Maqbool","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/03650340.2021.1971654","volume":"2021","author":"Mehmood","year":"2021"},{"key":"B50","unstructured":"670683\n            MfarrejM.\n            WangX.\n            Hamzah SaleemM.\n            HussainI.\n            RasheedR.\n            Arslan AshrafM.\n          10.1111\/plb.1335834783146242021"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-021-05391-x","article-title":"Structural and functional determinants of physiological pliability in Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb. for Survival in Hyper-Saline Saltmarshes","volume":"232","author":"Mumtaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"B52","first-page":"867","article-title":"Hydrogen peroxide is scavenged by ascorbate-specific peroxidase in spinach chloroplasts","volume":"22","author":"Nakano","year":"1981","journal-title":"Plant Cell Physiol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.122061","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and nitric oxide (NO) alleviate cobalt toxicity in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by modulating photosynthesis, chloroplastic redox and antioxidant capacity","volume":"388","author":"Ozfidan-Konakci","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1007\/s11738-011-0710-3","article-title":"Cadmium stress-induced oxidative stress and role of nitric oxide in rice (Oryza sativa L.)","volume":"33","author":"Panda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.1007\/s12161-014-9814-x","article-title":"Evaluation of aluminium complexation reaction for flavonoid content assay","volume":"7","author":"Pekal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Anal. Methods"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2021.02.048","article-title":"Silicon-induced nitric oxide burst modulates systemic defensive responses of Salvia officinalis under copper toxicity","volume":"162","author":"Pirooz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137061","volume":"716","author":"Qureshi","year":"2020"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"032","DOI":"10.17352\/aest.000024","article-title":"Molybdenum potential vital role in plants metabolism for optimizing the growth and development","volume":"4","author":"Rana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Environ. Sci. Toxicol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1002\/jctb.6008","article-title":"Phytoextraction technologies for mercury-and chromium-contaminated soil: a review","volume":"95","author":"Ranieri","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16897","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-015-4883-y","article-title":"Effect of inorganic amendments for in situ stabilization of cadmium in contaminated soils and its phyto-availability to wheat and rice under rotation","volume":"22","author":"Rehman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.09.068","article-title":"Nitric oxide induces rice tolerance to excessive nickel by regulating nickel uptake, reactive oxygen species detoxification and defense-related gene expression","volume":"191","author":"Rizwan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(98)00160-5","article-title":"Variations of peroxidase activity in cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) beans during their ripening, fermentation and drying","volume":"65","author":"Sakharov","year":"1999","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.32615\/ps.2020.010","article-title":"Leaf gas exchange, oxidative stress, and physiological attributes of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) grown under different light-emitting diodes","volume":"58","author":"Saleem","year":"","journal-title":"Photosynthetica"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5211","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-07264-7","article-title":"Copper-induced oxidative stress, initiation of antioxidants and phytoremediation potential of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) seedlings grown under the mixing of two different soils of China","volume":"27","author":"Saleem","year":"","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"B65","author":"Saleem","year":""},{"key":"B66","volume-title":"Chromium Toxicity in Plants: Consequences on Growth, Chromosomal Behaviour and Mineral Nutrient Status.","author":"Saleem","year":""},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-018-4213-z","article-title":"Effect of poultry litter biochar on chromium (Cr) bioavailability and accumulation in spinach (Spinacia oleracea) grown in Cr-polluted soil","volume":"12","author":"Sehrish","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arab. J. Geosci."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2417","DOI":"10.1007\/s12298-020-00900-4","article-title":"Plant growth-promoting Bacillus sp. strain SDA-4 confers Cd tolerance by physio-biochemical improvements, better nutrient acquisition and diminished Cd uptake in Spinacia oleracea L","volume":"26","author":"Shahid","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol. Mol. Biol. Plants"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.03.074","article-title":"Chromium speciation, bioavailability, uptake, toxicity and detoxification in soil-plant system: a review","volume":"178","author":"Shahid","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-013-0407-5","article-title":"Chromium toxicity and tolerance in plants","volume":"11","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crvi.2010.03.002","article-title":"Chromium stress in paddy:(i) nutrient status of paddy under chromium stress;(ii) phytoremediation of chromium by aquatic and terrestrial weeds","volume":"333","author":"Sundaramoorthy","year":"2010","journal-title":"C. R. Biol."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-013-1047-y","article-title":"Chromium phytotoxicity in radish (Raphanus sativus): effects on metabolism and nutrient uptake","volume":"91","author":"Tiwari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s11738-011-0826-5","article-title":"Impact of exogenous silicon addition on chromium uptake, growth, mineral elements, oxidative stress, antioxidant capacity, and leaf and root structures in rice seedlings exposed to hexavalent chromium","volume":"34","author":"Tripathi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2014.12.014","article-title":"Chromium toxicity tolerance of Solanum nigrum L. and Parthenium hysterophorus L. plants with reference to ion pattern, antioxidation activity and root exudation","volume":"113","author":"UdDin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-020-8162-0","article-title":"A review on the applicability of activated carbon derived from plant biomass in adsorption of chromium, copper, and zinc from industrial wastewater","volume":"192","author":"Ugwu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2019.10.035","article-title":"Selenium mitigates the chromium toxicity in Brassicca napus L. by ameliorating nutrients uptake, amino acids metabolism and antioxidant defense system","volume":"145","author":"Ulhassan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2020.00883","article-title":"Comparative assessment of toxic metals bioaccumulation and the mechanisms of chromium (Cr) tolerance and uptake in Calotropis procera","volume":"11","author":"Usman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2007.02.052","article-title":"Interaction of bioaccumulation of heavy metal chromium with water relation, mineral nutrition and photosynthesis in developed leaves of Lolium perenne L","volume":"68","author":"Vernay","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2435","DOI":"10.1007\/s12298-020-00912-0","article-title":"Interactive role of zinc and iron lysine on Spinacia oleracea L. growth, photosynthesis and antioxidant capacity irrigated with tannery wastewater","volume":"26","author":"Zaheer","year":"","journal-title":"Physiol. Mol. Biol. Plants"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9091145","article-title":"Zinc-lysine supplementation mitigates oxidative stress in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) by preventing phytotoxicity of chromium, when irrigated with tannery wastewater","volume":"9","author":"Zaheer","year":"","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2020.07.034","article-title":"Role of iron\u2013lysine on morpho-physiological traits and combating chromium toxicity in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) plants irrigated with different levels of tannery wastewater","volume":"155","author":"Zaheer","year":"","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6690","DOI":"10.3390\/su12166690","article-title":"Iron\u2013lysine mediated alleviation of chromium toxicity in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) plants in relation to morpho-physiological traits and iron uptake when irrigated with tannery wastewater","volume":"12","author":"Zaheer","year":"","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"B83","author":"Zaheer","year":"2022"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy11091820","article-title":"PGPR-mediated plant growth attributes and metal extraction ability of Sesbania sesban L. in industrially contaminated soils","volume":"11","author":"Zainab","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agronomy."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1134\/S1021443710040114","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide promotes wheat seed germination under osmotic stress","volume":"57","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Russ. J. Plant Physiol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Plant Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpls.2022.973740\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]],"date-time":"2022-08-17T04:24:14Z","timestamp":1660710254000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpls.2022.973740\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]]},"references-count":85,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpls.2022.973740"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpls.2022.973740","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-462X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-462X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]]},"article-number":"973740"}}