{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T20:55:29Z","timestamp":1791665729129,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]],"date-time":"2022-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007601","name":"Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007601","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cuticle is the first layer protecting plants against external biotic and abiotic factors and is responsive to climatic factors as well as determined by genetic adaptations. In this study, the chemical composition of bilberry fruit cuticular wax was investigated through a latitudinal gradient from Latvia (56\u00b0N 24\u00b0E) through Finland (65\u00b0N 25\u00b0E) to northern Norway (69\u00b0N 18\u00b0E) in two seasons 2018 and 2019. Changes in the major cuticular wax compounds, including triterpenoids, fatty acids, alkanes, aldehydes, ketones, and primary alcohols, were detected by GC-MS analysis. Generally, a decreasing trend in the proportion of triterpenoids from southern to northern latitudes, accompanied with an increase in proportion of fatty acids, aldehydes, and alkanes, in bilberry fruit cuticular wax was observed. A correlation analysis between climatic factors with proportion of wax compounds indicated that temperature was the main factor affecting the cuticular wax composition in bilberries. A controlled phytotron experiment with southern and northern bilberry ecotypes confirmed the major effect of temperature on bilberry fruit cuticular wax load and composition. Elevated temperature increased wax load most in berries of northern ecotypes. The level of triterpenoids was higher, while levels of fatty acids and alkanes were lower, in wax of bilberry fruits ripened at 18\u00b0C compared to 12\u00b0C in both northern and southern ecotypes. Based on our results, it can be postulated that the predicted increase in temperature due to climate change leads to alterations in fruit cuticular wax load and composition. In northern ecotypes, the alterations were especially evident.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.980427","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]],"date-time":"2022-09-20T09:22:32Z","timestamp":1663665752000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Temperature has a major effect on the cuticular wax composition of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) fruit"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Priyanka","family":"Trivedi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linards","family":"Klavins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne Linn","family":"Hykkerud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorens","family":"Kviesis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Didzis","family":"Elferts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inger","family":"Martinussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maris","family":"Klavins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katja","family":"Karppinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hely","family":"H\u00e4ggman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Jaakola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11939","DOI":"10.1021\/jf102407","article-title":"Effects of latitude-related factors and geographical origin on anthocyanidin concentrations in fruits of Vaccinium myrtillus L. (bilberries).","volume":"58","author":"\u00c5kerstr\u00f6m","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orggeochem.2019.02.004","article-title":"Variation in leaf wax n-alkane characteristics with climate in the broad-leaved paperbark (Melaleuca quinquenervia).","volume":"130","author":"Andrae","year":"2019","journal-title":"Org. Geochem."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.1974.tb01324.x","article-title":"The influence of environment on leaf wax development in Brassica oleracea var. Gemmifera.","volume":"73","author":"Baker","year":"1974","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/FP06139","article-title":"Plant surfaces: Structures and functions for biomimetic innovations.","volume":"9","author":"Barthlott","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nano Micro Lett."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8722","DOI":"10.1021\/jf502650t","article-title":"Characterization of cuticle composition after cold storage of \u201cceleste\u201d and \u201csomerset\u201d sweet cherry fruit.","volume":"62","author":"Belge","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2870","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.7b05020","article-title":"Changes in cuticular wax composition of two blueberry cultivars during fruit ripening and postharvest cold storage.","volume":"66","author":"Chu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1002\/ejlt.201100313","article-title":"Lipophilic components in black currant seed and pomace extracts.","volume":"114","author":"Dobson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0305-1978(03)00031-0","article-title":"Environmental gradients and population divergence contribute to variation in cuticular wax composition in Juniperus communis.","volume":"31","author":"Dodd","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem. Syst. Ecol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1007\/s13580-012-0036-0","article-title":"Wax composition of \u2018Red Fuji\u2019 apple fruit during development and during storage after 1-methylcyclopropene treatment.","volume":"53","author":"Dong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hortic. Environ. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60196a032","article-title":"Microdetermination of long-chain carboxylic acids by transesterification with boron trifluoride.","volume":"35","author":"Duron","year":"1963","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s10265-007-0143-7","article-title":"Effects of ultraviolet-B irradiation on the cuticular wax of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) cotyledons J.","volume":"121","author":"Fukuda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plant Res."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.11686\/cyxb2015198","article-title":"Seasonal variations of leaf cuticular wax in herbs widely distributed in Chongqing.","volume":"25","author":"Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Prataculturae Sin."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9422(75)85160-0","article-title":"Effects of light and temperature on the composition of epicuticular wax of barley leaves.","volume":"14","author":"Giese","year":"1975","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.114.123307","article-title":"Arabidopsis cuticular wax biosynthesis is negatively regulated by the DEWAX gene encoding an AP2\/ERF-type transcription factor.","volume":"26","author":"Go","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.13600","article-title":"Genetic control of cuticular wax compounds in Eucalyptus globulus.","volume":"209","author":"Gosney","year":"2016","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3954","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.1677","article-title":"Cuticular waxes in alpine meadow plants: Climate effect inferred from latitude gradient in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.","volume":"5","author":"Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.620245","article-title":"Environment-driven adaptations of leaf cuticular waxes are inheritable for Medicago ruthenica.","volume":"12","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20184519","article-title":"Chemical and transcriptomic analysis of cuticle lipids under cold stress in Thellungiella salsuginea.","volume":"20","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-22144-6_129","author":"Holopainen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecological Functions of Terpenoids in Changing Climates."},{"key":"B20","article-title":"Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability","author":"P\u00f6rtner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2012.11.004","article-title":"Functional properties and quality characteristics of bioactive compounds in berries: Biochemistry, biotechnology, and genomics.","volume":"54","author":"Jimenez-Garcia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3500","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.8196","article-title":"Temperature and light conditions at different latitudes affect sensory quality of broccoli florets (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica).","volume":"97","author":"Johansen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.14214\/sf.582","article-title":"Factors affecting participation in wild berry picking by rural and urban dwellers.","volume":"35","author":"Kangas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Silva Fenn."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1086\/510496","article-title":"Influence of water deficit on leaf cuticular waxes of soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.).","volume":"168","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2004.09.013","article-title":"Influences of air humidity during the cultivation of plants on wax chemical composition, morphology and leaf surface wettability.","volume":"56","author":"Koch","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1918","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.109.141911","article-title":"The impact of water deficiency on leaf cuticle lipids of Arabidopsis.","volume":"151","author":"Kosma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/s0163-7827(02)00045-0","article-title":"Biosynthesis and secretion of plant cuticular wax.","volume":"42","author":"Kunst","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/tpx045","article-title":"Low vapor pressure deficit reduces glandular trichome density and modifies the chemical composition of cuticular waxes in silver birch leaves.","volume":"37","author":"Lihavainen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1111\/ppl.13418","article-title":"Influence of Arctic light conditions on crop production and quality.","volume":"172","author":"M\u00f8lmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant"},{"key":"B30","first-page":"5","article-title":"The European blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) and the potential for cultivation. A Review.","volume":"5","author":"Nestby","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Plant Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B31","first-page":"252","article-title":"Investigation on response mechanism of epicuticular wax on Arabidopsis thaliana under cold stress.","volume":"47","author":"Ni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Agric. Sin."},{"key":"B32","author":"Oksanen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vegan: Community Ecology Package. R package version 2.5-6."},{"key":"B33","year":"2020","journal-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aobpla\/plw027","article-title":"Effectiveness of cuticular transpiration barriers in a desert plant at controlling water loss at high temperatures.","volume":"8","author":"Schuster","year":"2016","journal-title":"AoB Plants"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2006.01826.x","article-title":"The effects of stress on plant cuticular waxes.","volume":"171","author":"Shepherd","year":"2006","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9422(95)00281-B","article-title":"Effects of environment on the composition of epicuticular wax from kale and swede.","volume":"40","author":"Shepherd","year":"1995","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2019.05.134","article-title":"Compositional and morphological analyses of wax in northern wild berry species.","volume":"295","author":"Trivedi","year":"","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2019.00431","article-title":"Developmental and environmental regulation of cuticular wax biosynthesis in fleshy fruits.","volume":"10","author":"Trivedi","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.129517","article-title":"Analysis of composition, morphology, and biosynthesis of cuticular wax in wild type bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) and its glossy mutant.","volume":"354","author":"Trivedi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orggeochem.2018.03.009","article-title":"Temperature effect on abundance and distribution of leaf wax n-alkanes across a temperature gradient along the 400 mm isohyet in China.","volume":"120","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Org. Geochem."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2020.128097","article-title":"Comparative analysis of total wax content, chemical composition and crystal morphology of cuticular wax in Korla pear under different relative humidity of storage.","volume":"339","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2017.02.022","article-title":"Altitude effect on leaf wax carbon isotopic composition in humid tropical forests.","volume":"206","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2017.05.007","article-title":"Chemical composition, crystal morphology and key gene expression of cuticular waxes of Asian pears at harvest and after storage.","volume":"132","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Postharvest Biol. Technol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1051\/agro\/2009050","article-title":"Cold stress tolerance mechanisms in plants. A review.","volume":"30","author":"Yadav","year":"2010","journal-title":"Agron. Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.113.222737","article-title":"The formation and function of plant cuticles.","volume":"163","author":"Yeats","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8641","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5b02833","article-title":"Anthocyanin profile in berries of wild and cultivated Vaccinium spp. along altitudinal gradients in the Alps.","volume":"63","author":"Zoratti","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Plant Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpls.2022.980427\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]],"date-time":"2022-09-20T09:22:48Z","timestamp":1663665768000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpls.2022.980427\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpls.2022.980427"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpls.2022.980427","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-462X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-462X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]]},"article-number":"980427"}}