{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T01:51:53Z","timestamp":1788918713780,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]],"date-time":"2023-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694736000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Induced polyploidy usually results in larger vegetative and reproductive plant organs. In order to study the effect of chromosome doubling on <jats:italic>Thymus vulgaris<\/jats:italic>, three levels of colchicine concentration including 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5% (w\/v) were applied for 6, 12 and 24 hours on apical meristem of 2- and 4-leaf seedlings. Ploidy level was evaluated by flow cytometry and microscopic chromosome counting. Chemical composition of essential oils extracted by hydro-distillation was analyzed by gas Chromatography\/mass spectrometry (GC\/MS) and gas Chromatography (GC). The application of 0.3% colchicine at 4-leaf seedling for 6 hours resulted in the highest survival rate and the highest number of tetraploid plants. Cytogenetic and flow cytometry analyses confirmed the increase of chromosome number from 2n=2x=30 in diploids to 2n=4x=60 in induced tetraploids. Tetraploid plants had larger leaves, taller and thicker stems, dense branching, longer trichome, larger stomata, larger guard cells, and decreased number of stomata. The number of chloroplasts and mitochondria increased significantly in tetraploid plants by 1.66 and 1.63 times, respectively. The expression of CYP71D178, CYP71D180 and CYP71D181 increased in tetraploids by 3.27, 7.39 and 2.15 times, respectively, probably resulting in higher essential oil compounds, as tetraploids outyielded the diploid plants by 64.7% in essential oil, 40.9% in thymol and 18.6% in carvacrol content.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2023.1228844","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,17]],"date-time":"2023-09-17T15:48:01Z","timestamp":1694965681000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["The effect of induced polyploidy on phytochemistry, cellular organelles and the expression of genes involved in thymol and carvacrol biosynthetic pathway in thyme (Thymus vulgaris)"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Valiollah","family":"Mohammadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samaneh","family":"Talebi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masoumeh","family":"Ahmadnasab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hossein","family":"Mollahassanzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2005.07.009","article-title":"Novel patterns of gene expression in polyploid plants","volume":"21","author":"Adams","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4238(00)00212-0","article-title":"In vitro induction of tetraploid ginger (Zingiber officinalis) and its pollen fertility and germinability","volume":"88","author":"Adaniya","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"B3","first-page":"13","article-title":"Morphologic and physiologic effects on polyploidy induction in Citrus ourantifolia","volume":"12","author":"Afshar Mohammadian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plant Biol. J."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s12230-018-09710-7","article-title":"Comparison of methods to distinguish diploid and tetraploid potato for applied diploid breeding","volume":"96","author":"Alsahlany","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Potato Res."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1095-8339.2003.00132.x","article-title":"Stomatal length and frequency as a measure of ploidy level in black wattle, Acacia mearnsii (de Wild)","volume":"141","author":"Beck","year":"2003","journal-title":"Botanical J. Linn. Soc."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1076\/phbi.40.8.617.14650","article-title":"Alkaloid production in diploid and autotetraploid plants of Datura stramonium","volume":"40","author":"Berkov","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jhered.a104294","article-title":"Methods of inducing doubling of chromosomes in plants: By treatment with colchicine","volume":"28","author":"Blakeslee","year":"1937","journal-title":"J. Hered."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-021-00528-1","article-title":"Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed differential gene expression in multiple signaling pathways at flowering in polyploid Brassica rapa","volume":"11","author":"Braynen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Biosci."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.68.4.891","article-title":"Ploidy effects on anatomy and gas exchange of tall fescue leaves","volume":"68","author":"Byrne","year":"1981","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10030422","article-title":"A new way of rice breeding: polyploid rice breeding","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/J.SCIENTA.2006.12.045","article-title":"In vitro tetraploid induction and generation of tetraploids from mixoploids in Astragalus membranaceus","volume":"112","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Scientia Hortic."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.2307\/2437527","article-title":"Studies on colchicine-induced autotetraploid barley. I and II. Cytological and morphological observations","volume":"32","author":"Chen","year":"1945","journal-title":"Am. J. Bot."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02318964","article-title":"In vitro chromosome doubling of nine Zantedeschia cultivars","volume":"47","author":"Cohen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg1711","article-title":"The advantages and disadvantages of being polyploid","volume":"6","author":"Comai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1007\/s11103-010-9636-1","article-title":"Terpene synthases of oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) and their roles in the pathway and regulation of terpene biosynthesis","volume":"73","author":"Crocoll","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1201\/b17160","volume-title":"Chamomile: medicinal, biochemical, and agricultural aspects","author":"Das","year":"2014"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00021879","article-title":"Enhancing the productivity of secondary metabolites via induced polyploidy: a review","volume":"87","author":"Dhawan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Euphytica"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00037252","article-title":"Autotetrapliody in caraway (Carum carvi) for the increase of the aetheric oil content of the seed","volume":"29","author":"Dijkstra","year":"1980","journal-title":"Euphytica"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02920930","article-title":"Flow cytometric estimation of nuclear DNA amount in diploid bananas","volume":"36","author":"Dolezel","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biol. Plant"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00933811","article-title":"Die Plastidenzahl als Merkmal bei der Kartoffel","volume":"38","author":"Frandsen","year":"1968","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Genet."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10091959","article-title":"Thymus vulgaris essential oil and its biological activity","volume":"10","author":"Galovi\u010dov\u00e1","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s11240-011-9947-1","article-title":"Induction and identification of tetraploids using in vitro colchicine treatment of Gerbera jamesonii Bolus cv. Sciella","volume":"106","author":"Gantait","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.22092\/spij.2017.111073","article-title":"Relationship between the chloroplast number in stomatal guard cells, flow cytometry and ploidy level in Onobrychis spp","volume":"27","author":"Ghanavati","year":"2011","journal-title":"Seed Plant J."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.22092\/spij.2017.110611","article-title":"Relationship between ploidy level and the chloroplast number in stomatal guard cells of Medicago spp","volume":"20","author":"Ghanavati","year":"2004","journal-title":"Seed Plant J."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2009.07.011","article-title":"Polyploidization of Miscanthus sinensis and Miscanthus giganteus by plant colchicine treatment","volume":"30","author":"G\u0142owacka","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.31421\/IJHS\/12\/1\/629","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) populations from different origin","volume":"12","author":"Gosztola","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Hortic. Sci."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7312\/gran92318","volume-title":"Plant Speciation","author":"Grant","year":"1981"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1126\/science.266.5193.1999","article-title":"Trans-Acting dosage effects on the expression of model gene systems in maize aneuploids","volume":"266","author":"Guo","year":"1994","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3201","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-014-3180-z","article-title":"Assessment of genetic and chemical variability in Thymus caramanicus","volume":"41","author":"Hadian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00193008","article-title":"Acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase in species of Triticum of different ploidy","volume":"181","author":"Hawke","year":"1990","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"B31","first-page":"137","volume-title":"British pharmacopoeia, vol 2","year":"1988"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2019.108854","article-title":"The polyploid effect in the breeding of aromatic and medicinal species","volume":"260","author":"Iannicelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-017-2671-2","article-title":"In vitro polyploidy induction: changes in morphology, podophyllotoxin biosynthesis, and expression of the related genes in Linum album","volume":"245","author":"Javadian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"B34","first-page":"220","article-title":"Ploidy levels and relative genome sizes of diverse species, hybrids, and cultivars of Rhododendron","volume":"61","author":"Jones","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Rhododendron Soc."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-5266(00)00118-7","article-title":"Plant cell-size: growing by ploidy","volume":"3","author":"Kondorosi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Plant Biol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/bf00037911","article-title":"Chromosomal instability in cell- and tissue cultures of tomato haploids and diploids","volume":"43","author":"Koornneef","year":"1989","journal-title":"Euphytica"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s12230-019-09729-4","article-title":"Comparing methods of ploidy estimation in potato species","volume":"96","author":"Kramer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Potato Res."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2110092118","article-title":"The biosynthesis of thymol, carvacrol, and thymohydroquinone in Lamiaceae proceeds via cytochrome P450s and a short-chain dehydrogenase","volume":"28","author":"Krause","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.1981.tb01686.x","article-title":"Observations on the mechanism of chloroplast division in higher plants","volume":"87","author":"Leech","year":"1981","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/0076-6879(87)48036-1","article-title":"Chlorophylls and carotenoids: Pigments of photosynthetic biomembranes","volume":"148","author":"Lichtenthaler","year":"1987","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1042\/bst0110591","article-title":"Determinations of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b of leaf extracts in different solvents","volume":"11","author":"Lichtenthaler","year":"1983","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-013-1884-2","article-title":"Genomic characterization, molecular cloning and expression analysis of two terpene synthases from Thymus caespititius","volume":"238","author":"Lima","year":"2013","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1002\/bab.13","article-title":"Enhancement of artemisinin content in tetraploid Artemisia annua plants by modulating the expression of genes in artemisinin biosynthetic pathway","volume":"58","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s11032-019-0975-6","article-title":"Polyploidy-related differential gene expression between diploid and synthesized allotriploid and allotetraploid hybrids of Populus","volume":"39","author":"Liqin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Breed."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s10681-007-9406-6","article-title":"Colchicine-induced chromosome doubling in Platanus acerifolia and its evect on plant morphology","volume":"157","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Euphytica"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using Real-Time Quantitative PCR and the 2\u2013\u0394\u0394CT Method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcm152","article-title":"Two new nuclear isolation buffers for plant DNA flow cytometry: a test with 37 species","volume":"100","author":"Loureiro","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11060899","article-title":"Effect of polyploidy induction on natural metabolite production in medicinal plants","volume":"11","author":"Madani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11738-019-2984-9","article-title":"Enhanced thebaine and noscapine production and modulated gene expression of tyrosine\/dopa decarboxylase and salutaridinol 7-O-acetyltransferase genes in induced autotetraploid seedlings of Papaver bracteatum","volume":"41","author":"Madani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Plant"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTSCI.45.1.16","article-title":"Induction of tetraploidy to feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium schulz-bip.): morphological, physiological, cytological, and phytochemical changes","volume":"45","author":"Majdi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hort Sci."},{"key":"B51","first-page":"90","article-title":"Breeding and cytogenetics in the genus Tulipa","volume":"6","author":"Marasek-Ciolakowska","year":"2012","journal-title":"Floricult Ornamental Biotech."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/0248-4900(93)90113-S","article-title":"A cytometric exercise in plant DNA histograms, with 2C values for 70 species","volume":"78","author":"Marie","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biol. Cell"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.22059\/ijfcs.2019.267935.654536","article-title":"The impact of temperature on metabolites and the expression of genes involved in thymol and carvacrol biosynthesis pathway in Thymus vulgaris","volume":"51","author":"Mondak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Iranian J. Field Crop Sci."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy11030596","article-title":"In Vitro plyploidization of Thymus vulgaris L. and its effect on composition of essential oils","volume":"11","author":"Navr\u00e1tilov\u00e1","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.2011.92","article-title":"Proteomic divergence in Arabidopsis autopolyploids and allopolyploids and their progenitors","author":"Ng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Heredity108"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9080961","article-title":"A review on applications and uses of thymus in the food industry","volume":"9","author":"Nieto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plants (Basel)"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2011.05.004","article-title":"Chromosome doubling of Lychnis spp. by in vitro spindle toxin treatment of nodal segments","volume":"129","author":"Nonaka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.22069\/ijpp.2012.686","article-title":"Induction and identification of polyploidy in basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) by colchicine treatment","volume":"4","author":"Omidbaigi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Plant Production"},{"key":"B59","first-page":"23","article-title":"Induction of autotetraploidy in dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) by colchicine treatment","volume":"18","author":"Omidbaigi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Fruit Ornamental Plant Res."},{"key":"B60","first-page":"65","volume-title":"Manual on potato reproductive and cytological biology","author":"Ordoez","year":"2017"},{"key":"B61","first-page":"207","article-title":"Polyploidy breeding in Urgenia indica: to study the effect of colchicine treatment on morphological character","volume":"1","author":"Phulari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Botany"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s11240-019-01670-y","article-title":"Morphological, anatomical, physiological, and cytological studies in diploid and tetraploid plants of Plantago psyllium","volume":"139","author":"Sabzehzari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plant Cell Tissue Organ Culture"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6109","article-title":"Thymol, thyme, and other plant sources: Health and potential uses","volume":"32","author":"Salehi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s12892-016-0080-1","article-title":"Artificial polyploidy in medicinal plants: Advancement in the last two decades and impending prospects","volume":"20","author":"Salma","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Crop Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4238(99)00077-1","article-title":"Comparison of ploidy level screening methods in watermelon","volume":"82","author":"Sari","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Scientia Horticult."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-015-2450","article-title":"The polyploidy and its key role in plant breeding","volume":"243","author":"Sattler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods5040070","article-title":"Essential oil characterization of Thymus vulgaris from various geographical locations","volume":"5","author":"Satyal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2019.109095","article-title":"Autopolyploidy effect on morphological variation and essential oil content in Thymus vulgaris L","volume":"263","author":"Shmeit","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scientia Hortic."},{"key":"B69","volume-title":"Breeding field crops","author":"Sleper","year":"2006"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3040.1989.tb01234.x","article-title":"Variation in stomatal characteristics over the lower surface of Commelina communis leaves","volume":"12","author":"Smith","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Plant Cell Environ."},{"key":"B71","first-page":"137","article-title":"Rice tetraploidy and its effect on agronomic traits and nutritional constituents","volume":"18","author":"Song","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta Agronom Sin. (in Chinese)"},{"key":"B72","first-page":"526","volume-title":"Cytology and Cytogenetics","author":"Swanson","year":"1957"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1007\/s11240-015-0789-0","article-title":"In vitro polyploidy induction: changes in morphological, anatomical and phytochemical characteristics of Thymus persicus (Lamiaceae)","volume":"122","author":"Tavan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202000911","article-title":"Variation in phytochemical, morphological, and ploidy levels of Iranian Thymus species","volume":"18","author":"Tohidi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Biodiver."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.869423","article-title":"Impact of polyploidy on plant tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses","volume":"13","author":"Tossi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s11240-011-0076-7","article-title":"Induced polyploidization and its influence on yield, morphological, and qualitative characteristics of microtubers in Ullucus tuberosus","volume":"109","author":"Viehmannova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plant Cell Tissue Organ Culture"},{"key":"B77","first-page":"131","article-title":"The chromosomes: Their number and general importance","volume":"13","author":"Winge","year":"1917","journal-title":"Compt. Rend. Trav. Lab. Carlsberg"},{"key":"B78","first-page":"417","article-title":"\u00dcber die experimentelle Erzeugung von Pflanzen mit abweichenden Chromosomenzahlen","volume":"8","author":"Winkler","year":"1916","journal-title":"Z. Bot."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s10681-006-9203-7","article-title":"In vitro tetraploid induction via colchicine treatment from diploid somatic embryos in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)","volume":"152","author":"Yang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Euphytica"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s11103-010-9722-4","article-title":"Phenotypic and gene expression analyses of a ploidy series of maize inbred Oh43","volume":"75","author":"Yao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plant Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s11240-006-9142-y","article-title":"In vitro induction, regeneration and analysis of autotetraploids derived from protoplasts and callus treated with colchicine in Citrus","volume":"87","author":"Zeng","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10681-007-9457-8","article-title":"In vitro induction of tetraploids in Phlox subulata","volume":"159","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Euphytica"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Plant Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpls.2023.1228844\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,17]],"date-time":"2023-09-17T15:48:17Z","timestamp":1694965697000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpls.2023.1228844\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]]},"references-count":82,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpls.2023.1228844"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpls.2023.1228844","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-462X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-462X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]]},"article-number":"1228844"}}