{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T02:44:17Z","timestamp":1792118657652,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]],"date-time":"2023-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696896000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Monoecy is usually interpreted as an important evolutionary route of the plant sexual system from hermaphroditism to dioecy. This floral mechanism can effectively reduce self-interference during the reproductive process, and the services provided by pollinators may play an essential role in monoecious species; however, relevant research is still lacking. Thus, we aimed to determine whether monoecious plants could effectively avoid self-interference and promote the evolution of monoecy under the service of pollinators.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Here, we successfully performed manipulation experiments to test self-compatibility, pollinator behavior, and self-interference between male and female functions in <jats:italic>Akebia trifoliata<\/jats:italic>, a typical monoecious species.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We demonstrated that experimental self-pollination did not yield any fruit, and supplemental pollination significantly increased fruit set and fruit weight compared to natural pollination, suggesting that this species is completely self-incompatible and experiences strong pollen limitation. Simultaneous self- and cross-pollination and self-pollination prior to cross-pollination significantly reduced reproductive fitness, but self-pollination after cross-pollination did not, indicating self-interference in this plant. Moreover, both male flower probing preference and switching modes within inflorescences by pollinators successfully reinforced self-interference and were also responsible for decreasing reproductive fitness in <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>trifoliata<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In summary, pollinator-mediated self-interference significantly reduced selfing, providing potential dynamics for the maintenance and evolution of monoecy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2023.1243764","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]],"date-time":"2023-10-10T06:18:51Z","timestamp":1696918731000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Pollinator probing preference and switching mode-mediated self-interference within a monoecious plant significantly reduced reproductive fitness"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Bi-Xian","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-Na","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guo-Xing","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1890\/06-1017","article-title":"Expanding the limits of the pollen limitation concept: effects of pollen quantity and quality","volume":"88","author":"Aizen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2408","DOI":"10.1890\/03-8024","article-title":"Pollen limitation of plant reproduction, ecological and evolutionary causes and consequences","volume":"85","author":"Ashman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.hdy.6800020","article-title":"Sexual interference of the floral kind","volume":"88","author":"Barrett","year":"2002","journal-title":"Heredity"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg776","article-title":"The evolution of plant sexual diversity","volume":"3","author":"Barrett","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. 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