{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T22:57:41Z","timestamp":1781737061348,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]],"date-time":"2023-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Improving nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) without compromising yield remains a crucial agroecological challenge in theory and practice. Some meta-analyses conducted in recent years investigated the impact of nitrogen (N) fertilizer on crop yield and gaseous emissions, but most are region-specific and focused on N sources and application methods. However, various factors affecting yield and N fertilizer efficiency in wheat crops on a global scale are not extensively studied, thus highlighting the need for a comprehensive meta-analysis. Using 109 peer-reviewed research studies (published between 2000 and 2022) from 156 experimental sites (covering 36.8, 38.6 and 24.6% of coarse, medium, and fine texture soils, respectively), we conducted a global meta-analysis to elucidate suitable N management practices and the key factors influencing N fertilization efficiency in wheat as a function of yield and recovery efficiency and also explained future perspectives for efficient N management in wheat crop. Overall, N fertilization had a significant impact on wheat yield. A curvilinear relationship was found between N rates and grain yield, whereas maximum yield improvement was illustrated at 150-300 kg N ha<jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>. In addition, N increased yield by 92.18% under direct soil incorporation, 87.55% under combined chemical and organic fertilizers application, and 72.86% under split application. Site-specific covariates (climatic conditions and soil properties) had a pronounced impact on N fertilization efficiency. A significantly higher yield response was observed in regions with MAP &amp;gt; 800 mm, and where MAT remained &amp;lt; 15 \u00b0C. Additionally, the highest yield response was observed with initial AN, AP and AK concentrations at\u00a0&amp;lt; 20, &amp;lt; 10 and 100-150 mg kg<jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>, respectively, and yield response considerably declined with increasing these threshold values. Nevertheless, regression analysis revealed a declining trend in N recovery efficiency (REN) and the addition of N in already fertile soils may affect plant uptake and RE. Global REN in wheat remained at 49.78% and followed a negative trend with the further increase of N supply and improvement in soil properties. Finally, an advanced N management approach such as \u201c<jats:italic>root zone targeted fertilization<\/jats:italic>\u201d is suggested to reduce fertilizer application rate and save time and labor costs while achieving high yield and NUE.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2023.1272098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]],"date-time":"2023-10-30T09:17:34Z","timestamp":1698657454000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Global evaluation of key factors influencing nitrogen fertilization efficiency in wheat: a recent meta-analysis (2000-2022)"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Solomon","family":"Yokamo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Irfan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiwei","family":"Huan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiliu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Ishfaq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diajun","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiuliang","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huoyan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.2307\/2265879","article-title":"Resampling tests for meta-analysis of ecological data","volume":"78","author":"Adams","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.12252","article-title":"A meta-analysis of experimental warming effects on terrestrial nitrogen pools and dynamics","volume":"199","author":"Bai","year":"2013","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/s40066-018-0242-9","article-title":"Effect of split application of different N rates on productivity and nitrogen use efficiency of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)","volume":"7","author":"Belete","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agric. 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