{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T11:22:51Z","timestamp":1779103371268,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714608000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Proper nutrient management is crucially important to the sustainable development of tea production. Compared to normal green-leaf cultivars, albino tea cultivars produce green tea of superior quality characterized by high contents of amino acids as a result of the hydrolysis of chloroplast proteins at albinism. However, the advantage of albino tea cultivars was offset by inferior growth and yield performance because of low contents of chlorophylls and limited photosynthesis capacity. Our understanding about the nutrition characteristics of albino tea cultivars was very limited. A four-year field experiment was conducted to develop proper nutrient management for Baiye-1 to overcome its weakness of low productivity without a tradeoff in tea quality and environmental risks. The nutrient management schemes were formulated by optimizing the rate and ratio of nitrogen (N), phosphorus, potassium and magnesium together with substitution of chemical fertilizers with organic manures. The total amounts of nutrients in the optimized schemes were reduced by 25% compared to the local farmers\u2019 practice (FP). Results showed that optimized rates and ratio of nutrients together with partial substitution of chemical fertilizers with rapeseed cake manure more considerably improved albino tea yield, the contents of free amino acids, total polyphenol and catechins relative to FP. Partial substitution of chemical fertilizers with commercial livestock manure decreased tea quality, which was likely caused by a dilution effect of increasing tea yield and decreasing N status of tea plants. Full organic substitution of chemical fertilizers by rapeseed cake manure improved tea yield and quality but had relatively low agronomic efficiency and profit. The effect of optimized nutrient management schemes was associated with the improvement of nutritional status in tea plants. The present work demonstrated that the optimization of nutrient management considerably improved albino tea yield, quality and profit while decreased the application rate of fertilizers and the intensity of greenhouse gas emissions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2024.1369015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T04:42:36Z","timestamp":1714624956000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Optimization of nutrient management improves productivity, quality and sustainability of albino tea cultivar Baiye-1"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yun","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lifeng","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saipan","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianyun","family":"Ruan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11030146","article-title":"Effects of long-term nitrogen fertilization on the formation of metabolites related to tea quality in subtropical China","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2017.09.007","article-title":"Phosphate stresses affect ionome and metabolome in tea plants","volume":"120","author":"Ding","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"B3","first-page":"8","article-title":"\u201cNutrient\/fertilizer use efficiency: measurement, current situation and trends,\u201d","volume-title":"Managing Water and Fertilizer for Sustainable Agricultural Intensification","author":"Fixen","year":"2015"},{"key":"B4","article-title":"\u201cChanges in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing,\u201d","volume-title":"Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","author":"Forster","year":"2007"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2022.111590","article-title":"Magnesium is a nutritional tool for the yield and quality of oolong tea (Camellia sinensis L.) and reduces reactive nitrogen loss","volume":"308","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Scientia Hortic."},{"key":"B6","article-title":"\u201cN2O emissions from managed soils, and CO2 emissions from lime and urea application,\u201d","volume-title":"2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Volume 4 Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use","author":"Hergoualc\u2019h","year":"2019"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae8100950","article-title":"Application of tea-specific fertilizer combined with organic fertilizer improves aroma of green tea","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Horticulturae"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2018.09.008","article-title":"Effects of organic substitution for synthetic N fertilizer on soil bacterial diversity and community composition: A 10-year field trial in a tea plantation","volume":"268","author":"Ji","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agriculture Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2014.09.029","article-title":"4R nutrient stewardship for improved nutrient use efficiency","volume":"83","author":"Johnston","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Eng."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.03.051","article-title":"Green tea from purple leaf coloured tea clones in Kenya- their quality characteristics","volume":"141","author":"Kilel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2040","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.7b05623","article-title":"Comprehensive dissection of metabolic changes in albino and green tea cultivars","volume":"66","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"B12","first-page":"52","article-title":"Advance of the breeding, extension and industrialization of tea cultivars with special colors in China","volume":"42","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"China Tea"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture11040363","article-title":"China\u2019s tea industry: net greenhouse gas emissions and mitigation potential","volume":"11","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agriculture"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.08.008","article-title":"Effects of phosphorus supply on the quality of green tea","volume":"130","author":"Lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1038\/s41438-020-0290-8","article-title":"Integrative transcriptome, proteome, and microRNA analysis reveals the effects of nitrogen sufficiency and deficiency conditions on theanine metabolism in the tea plant (Camellia sinensis)","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Horticulture Res."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.756433","article-title":"Accumulation of amino acids and flavonoids in young tea shoots is highly correlated with carbon and nitrogen metabolism in roots and mature leaves","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3302","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6b00404","article-title":"Metabolomic analyses reveal distinct change of metabolites and quality of green tea during the short duration of a single spring season","volume":"64","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsoil.2021.103976","article-title":"Response of tea yield, quality and soil bacterial characteristics to long-term nitrogen fertilization in an eleven-year field experiment","volume":"166","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Soil Ecol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae8121198","article-title":"Response of nutritional status and tea quality to the rate and substitution of chemical fertilizers with organic manure","volume":"8","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Horticulturae"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s10705-009-9324-1","article-title":"Nitrogen and phosphate balance on crop production in Japan on national and prefectural scales","volume":"87","author":"Mishima","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutrient Cycling Agroecosystems"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.11674\/zwyf.18078","article-title":"Fertilization status and reduction potential in tea gardens of China","volume":"25","author":"Ni","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Plant Nutr. Fertilizers"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1626\/jcs.66.279","article-title":"Suitable level of nitrogen fertilizer for tea (Camellia sinensis L.) Plants in relation to growth, photosynthesis, nitrogen uptake and accumulation of free amino acids","volume":"66","author":"Okano","year":"1997","journal-title":"Japanese J. Crop Sci."},{"key":"B23","first-page":"667","article-title":"Influence of nitrogen fertilizer rates and harvesting intervals on clonal tea green leaf fatty acid levels in the Lake Victoria basin of Kenya","volume":"11","author":"Owuor","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Food Agric. Environ."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.4141\/S01-018","article-title":"Availability of nitrogen in solid manure amendments with different C:N ratios","volume":"82","author":"Qian","year":"2002","journal-title":"Can. J. Soil Sci."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1111\/plb.2010.12.issue-5","article-title":"Impact of nitrogen supply on carbon\/nitrogen allocation: a case study on amino acids and catechins in green tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] plants","volume":"12","author":"Ruan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant Biol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1002\/jpln.201200175","article-title":"Potassium management in tea plantations: Its uptake by field plants, status in soils, and efficacy on yields and quality of teas in China","volume":"176","author":"Ruan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.v92.7","article-title":"Magnesium nutrition on accumulation and transport of amino acids in tea plants","volume":"92","author":"Ruan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6180","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26206180","article-title":"Correlation among metabolic changes in tea plant Camellia sinensis (L.) shoots, green tea quality and the application of cow manure to tea plantation soils","volume":"26","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eja.2022.126673","article-title":"Improving tea (Camellia sinensis) quality, economic income, and environmental benefits by optimizing agronomic nitrogen efficiency: A synergistic strategy","volume":"142","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Agron."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.127197","article-title":"Applying Nutrient Expert system for rational fertilisation to tea (Camellia sinensis) reduces environmental risks and increases economic benefits","volume":"305","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cleaner Production"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(03)00215-2","article-title":"Impact of nitrogen and potassium fertiliser application on quality of CTC teas","volume":"84","author":"Venkatesan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136439","article-title":"Optimization of reduced chemical fertilizer use in tea gardens based on the assessment of related environmental and economic benefits","volume":"713","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104018","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/aba5b2","article-title":"Tea-planted soils as global hotspots for N2O emissions from croplands","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy12051086","article-title":"Metabolomics reveal that the high application of phosphorus and potassium in tea plantation inhibited amino-acid accumulation but promoted metabolism of flavonoid","volume":"12","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.10.045","article-title":"Determination of catechins and flavonol glycosides in Chinese tea varieties","volume":"132","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.143059","article-title":"Organic fertilizer reduced carbon and nitrogen in runoff and buffered soil acidification in tea plantations: Evidence in nutrient contents and isotope fractionations","volume":"762","author":"Xie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2020.611140","article-title":"Integrated metabolome and transcriptome analyses reveal etiolation-induced metabolic changes leading to high amino acid contents in a light-sensitive Japanese albino tea cultivar","volume":"11","author":"Yamashita","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2017.10.004","article-title":"Effects of long-term nitrogen application on soil acidification and solution chemistry of a tea plantation in China","volume":"252","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agriculture Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"B39","first-page":"143","article-title":"Overview of the tea market in Hubei province in 2017 and analysis of its trends in 2018","volume":"57","author":"Zeng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hubei Agric. Sci. Hubei Agric. Sci."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8375","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1210447110","article-title":"New technologies reduce greenhouse gas emissions from nitrogenous fertilizer in China","volume":"110","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. United States America"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.48130\/BPR-2023-0010","article-title":"The reduction of tea quality caused by irrational phosphate application is associated with anthocyanin metabolism","volume":"3","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Beverage Plant Res."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-384947-2.00687-5","article-title":"\u201cTea: Analysis and Tasting\u201d","volume-title":"The Encyclopedia of Food and Health","author":"Zhang","year":"2016"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2019.108943","article-title":"Multi-omics research in albino tea plants: Past, present, and future","volume":"261","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scientia Hortic."},{"key":"B44","article-title":"Study on the monitoring methods of nitrate leaching and features of nitrogen leaching in tea plantation. (Ph. D. Thesis)","author":"Zheng","year":"2022"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.132003","article-title":"Soil nutrient deficiency decreases the postharvest quality-related metabolite contents of tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) leaves","volume":"377","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Plant Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpls.2024.1369015\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T04:43:48Z","timestamp":1714625028000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpls.2024.1369015\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpls.2024.1369015"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpls.2024.1369015","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-462X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-462X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]]},"article-number":"1369015"}}