{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T14:55:00Z","timestamp":1784213700735,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]],"date-time":"2024-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Biofortification of provitamin A in maize is an attractive and sustainable remedy to the problem of vitamin A deficiency in developing countries. The utilization of molecular markers represents a promising avenue to facilitate the development of provitamin A (PVA)-enriched maize varieties. We screened 752 diverse tropical yellow\/orange maize lines using kompetitive allele-specific PCR (KASP) makers to validate the use of KASP markers in PVA maize breeding. To this end, a total of 161 yellow\/orange inbred lines, selected from among the 752 lines, were evaluated for their endosperm PVA and other carotenoid compounds levels in two separate trials composed of 63 and 98 inbred lines in 2020 and 2021, respectively. Significant differences (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001) were observed among the yellow maize inbred lines studied for all carotenoid profiles. An inbred line TZMI1017, introduced by the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) showed the highest level of PVA (12.99 \u00b5g\/g) and \u03b2-carotene (12.08 \u00b5g\/g). The molecular screening showed 43 yellow maize inbred lines carrying at least three of the favorable alleles of the KASP markers. TZMI1017 inbred line also carried the favorable alleles of almost all markers. In addition, nine locally developed inbred lines had medium to high PVA concentrations varying from 5.11 \u00b5g\/g to 10.76 \u00b5g\/g and harbored the favorable alleles of all the KASP PVA markers. Association analysis between molecular markers and PVA content variation in the yellow\/orange maize inbred lines did not reveal a significant, predictable correlation. Further investigation is warranted to elucidate the underlying genetic architecture of the PVA content in this germplasm. However, we recommend strategic utilization of the maize-inbred lines with higher PVA content to enhance the PVA profile of the breeding program\u2019s germplasm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2024.1406550","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]],"date-time":"2024-07-23T05:12:56Z","timestamp":1721711576000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Assessing the carotenoid profiles and allelic diversity of yellow maize inbred lines adapted to mid-altitude subhumid maize agroecology in Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Belay","family":"Garoma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Girum","family":"Azimach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kassahun","family":"Bante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abebe","family":"Menkir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1007\/s12571-015-0488-z","article-title":"Factors that transformed maize productivity in Ethiopia","volume":"7","author":"Abate","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Secur."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2229-13-227","article-title":"Marker-trait association analysis of functional gene markers for provitamin A levels across diverse tropical yellow maize inbred lines","volume":"13","author":"Azmach","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Plant Bio"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1534\/g3.117.300","article-title":"Genetic loci controlling carotenoid biosynthesis in diverse tropical maize lines","volume":"8","author":"Azmach","year":"2018","journal-title":"Genes Genomes Genet."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-7575-6_21","article-title":"Molecular breeding for quality protein maize (QPM)","volume-title":"Genomics of plant genetic resources","author":"Babu","year":"2014"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s00122-012-1987-3","article-title":"Validation of the effects of molecular marker polymorphisms in LcyE and CrtRB1 on provitamin A concentrations for 26 tropical maize populations","volume":"126","author":"Babu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Genet."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1079\/9781789240214.0276","article-title":"Quantitative genetics, molecular techniques and agronomic performance of provitamin a maize in sub-Saharan Africa","volume-title":"Quantitative genetics, genomics and plant breeding","author":"Badu-Apraku","year":"2020"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2633","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btm308","article-title":"TASSEL: software for association mapping of complex traits in diverse samples","volume":"23","author":"Bradbury","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.17159\/sajs.2023\/15115","article-title":"SNP-based marker-assisted selection for high provitamin A content in African cassava genetic background","volume":"119","author":"Codjia","year":"2023","journal-title":"South Afr. J. Sci."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0245497","article-title":"Development of sub-tropically adapted diverse provitamin-A rich maize inbreds through marker-assisted pedigree selection, their characterization and utilization in hybrid breeding","volume":"16","author":"Duo","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.1017275","article-title":"Validation of KASP markers associated with cassava mosaic disease resistance, storage root dry matter and provitamin A carotenoid contents in Ugandan cassava germplasm","volume":"13","author":"Esuma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2018.00012","article-title":"Biofortified crops generated by breeding, agronomy, and transgenic approaches are improving lives of millions of people around the world","volume":"5","author":"Garg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcs.2017.09.001","article-title":"Effectiveness of predictive markers for marker assisted selection of pro-vitamin A carotenoids in medium-late maturing maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines","volume":"79","author":"Gebremeskel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cereal Sci."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2019.01430","article-title":"An integrated molecular and conventional breeding scheme for enhancing genetic gain in maize in Africa","volume":"10","author":"Gedil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B14","first-page":"58","volume-title":"Development of improved yellow maize germplasm in Ethiopia","author":"Girum","year":"2012"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1556\/0806.47.2019.12","article-title":"Genetic variability of kernel provitamin-A in sub-tropically adapted maize hybrids possessing rare allele of \u03b2-carotene hydroxylase","volume":"47","author":"Goswami","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cereal Res. Commun."},{"key":"B16","article-title":"Quality assurance\/quality control (QA\/QC) in maize breeding and seed production","volume-title":"Theory and Practice","author":"Gowda","year":"2017"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5958\/0975-6906.2015.00001.2","article-title":"Biofortification of maize: An Indian perspective","volume":"75","author":"Gupta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J.Genet."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-04609-5_6","article-title":"Marker-assisted breeding for enrichment of provitaminA in maize","volume-title":"Quality breeding in field crops","author":"Gupta","year":"2019"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10681-019-2505-3","article-title":"Factor analysis to investigate genotype and genotype\u00d7 environment interaction effects on pro-vitamin A content and yield in maize synthetics","volume":"215","author":"Mengesha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Euphytica"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2008.01.002","article-title":"Carotenoid diversity in tropical-adapted yellow maize inbred lines","volume":"109","author":"Menkir","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"B21","volume-title":"VitaminA-Biofortified Maize: Exploiting Native Genetic Variation for Nutrient Enrichment. Science Brief: Biofortification No. 2 (HarvestPlus, and Crop Trust","author":"Menkir","year":"2018"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s10681-015-1426-z","article-title":"Exploiting natural variation in exotic germplasm for increasing provitamin-A carotenoids in tropical maize","volume":"205","author":"Menkir","year":"2015","journal-title":"Euphytica"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23311932.2015.1033141","article-title":"Allelic variations for lycopene \u03f5-cyclaseand \u03b2-carotene hydroxylase genes in maize inbreds and their utilization in \u03b2-carotene enrichment programme","volume":"1","author":"Muthusamy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cogent Food Agric."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.7798","article-title":"Genetic variation of carotenoids, vitamin E and phenolic compounds in biofortified maize","author":"Muzhingi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"B25","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Development of Efficient Genotyping Workflow for Accelerating Maize Improvement in Developing Countries","author":"Obi","year":"2020"},{"key":"B26","unstructured":"Global data on vitamin A status is critical for program decision but often outdated, reveals new study2017"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2019.013924","article-title":"Molecular breeding for nutritionally enriched maize: status and prospects","volume":"10","author":"Parasanna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-62703-203-2_17","article-title":"Biofortification of maize with provitamin A carotenoids","volume-title":"Carotenoids in Human Health","author":"Pixley","year":"2013"},{"key":"B29","volume-title":"The SAS system for windows. Version 9.3","year":"2011"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy11102022","article-title":"Comparative assessment of effectiveness of alternative genotyping assays for characterizing carotenoids accumulation in tropical maize inbred lines","volume":"11","author":"Sayadi Maazou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/s13562-012-0168-4","article-title":"Sequence variation in 3\u2032 UTR region of crtRB1 gene and its effect on \u03b2-carotene accumulation in maize kernel","volume":"22","author":"Vignesh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Plant Biochem. Biotechnol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Plant Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpls.2024.1406550\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]],"date-time":"2024-07-23T05:13:04Z","timestamp":1721711584000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpls.2024.1406550\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]]},"references-count":31,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpls.2024.1406550"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpls.2024.1406550","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-462X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-462X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]]},"article-number":"1406550"}}