{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T10:17:01Z","timestamp":1784542621841,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,8]],"date-time":"2024-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Heavy ions of the galactic cosmic radiation dominate the radiation risks and biological effects for plants under spaceflight conditions. However, the biological effects and sensitive genes caused by heavy ions with different linear energy transfer (LET) values have not been thoroughly studied.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>To comprehensively analyze the biological effects of heavy ions with different LET values on rice under spaceflight conditions, we utilized the Shijian-10 recoverable satellite (SJ-10) to transport the dehydrated rice seeds on a 12.5-day mission in a 252 km low Earth orbit (LEO), and obtained rice plants hit by individual heavy ions with LET values ranging from 18 keV\/\u03bcm to 213 keV\/\u03bcm. The transcriptome and methylation sequencing were conducted on above plants, and a bioinformatics pipeline based on single-sample networks (SSNs) and genetic algorithms (GA) was developed to analyze the multi-omics expression profiles in this work. Note that SSNs can depict the gene interaction patterns within a single sample. The LET regression models were constructed from both gene expression and interaction pattern perspectives respectively, and the radiation response genes that played significant roles in the models were identified. We designed a gene selection algorithm based on GA to enhance the performance of LET regression models.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The experimental results demonstrate that all our models exhibit excellent regression performance (R2 values close to 1), which indicates that both gene expressions and interaction patterns can reflect the molecular changes caused by heavy ions with different LET values. LET-related genes (genes exhibiting strong correlation with LET values) and radiation-responsive genes were identified, primarily involved in DNA damage and repair, oxidative stress, photosynthesis, nucleic acid metabolism, energy metabolism, amino acid\/protein metabolism, and lipid metabolism, etc. DNA methylation plays a crucial role in responding to heavy ions stressors and regulates the aforementioned processes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report the multi-omics changes in plants after exposure to heavy ions with different LET values under spaceflight conditions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2024.1457587","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,8]],"date-time":"2024-11-08T04:21:39Z","timestamp":1731039699000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Using single-sample networks and genetic algorithms to identify radiation-responsive genes in rice affected by heavy ions of the galactic cosmic radiation with different LET values"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Binquan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dazhuang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guenther","family":"Reitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeqing","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(94)90138-4","article-title":"COPII: a membrane coat formed by Sec proteins that drive vesicle budding from the endoplasmic reticulum","volume":"77","author":"Barlowe","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B2","first-page":"255","article-title":"Space radiation dosimetry in low-Earth orbit and beyond","volume-title":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section B-Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms","author":"Benton","year":"2001"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp101","article-title":"ClueGO: a Cytoscape plug-in to decipher functionally grouped gene ontology and pathway annotation networks","volume":"25","author":"Bindea","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/0273-1177(84)90228-X","article-title":"Advanced biostack: Experiment 1 ES 027 on spacelab-1","volume":"4","author":"B\u00fccker","year":"1984","journal-title":"Adv. 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