{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T23:34:50Z","timestamp":1781912090907,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]],"date-time":"2025-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743033600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Saponins are responsible for a wide range of biological activities, which is why the present research is focused on the chemical profiling of saponins and other metabolites from <jats:italic>Gymnema sylvestre<\/jats:italic> leaves for their potential efficacy in managing pathogenic fungi. Leaves of the plant was extracted with chloroform to obtain crude saponin concentrates. Characterizations of the chloroform soluble fraction of the leaves [chloroform extract of <jats:italic>G. sylvestre<\/jats:italic> (CGS)] in ultra-performance liquid chromatography\u2013quadrupole time of flight\u2013electrospray ionization\u2013tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-QToF-ESI-MS\/MS) displayed 23 metabolites, primarily comprising of saponins and other minor phytocomponents. Among these, two major saponins, gymnemic acid IV and gymnestrogenin, were isolated, purified, and characterized using <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>H-NMR, <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C-NMR, and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic> fungistatic efficacy showed the highest effectiveness against <jats:italic>Penicillium digitatum<\/jats:italic> 6952 (EC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> 297.2 \u03bcg\/mL), followed by <jats:italic>Penicillium expansum<\/jats:italic> 2995 (360.5 \u03bcg\/mL) and <jats:italic>Aspergillus flavus<\/jats:italic> 6678 (369.4 \u03bcg\/mL). Furthermore, the mechanism of interaction of these metabolites to inhibit cyt P<jats:sub>450<\/jats:sub> sterol 1,4-\u03b1-demethylase was determined by <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in silico<\/jats:italic> molecular modeling analysis, explaining the probable reason for the reduction in ergosterol content in the treated fungi. <jats:italic>In silico<\/jats:italic> analysis suggested the highest binding efficiency of gymnemic acid IV due to the lowest binding energy, specifically interacted through conventional H-bonds, hydrophobic \u03c0-alkyl, \u03c0-\u03c0, and \u03c0-sigma interactions. Indeed, the valuable findings of the study would be useful for further development of Gymnema saponin based biopesticidal products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2025.1508454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]],"date-time":"2025-03-27T20:37:19Z","timestamp":1743107839000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Gymnema sylvestre saponins for potential antifungal action: in vitro and in silico perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Shila","family":"Neel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhishek","family":"Mandal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Supradip","family":"Saha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amrita","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aditi","family":"Kundu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anupama","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"5869","article-title":"A critical review of the potential pharmacological and phytochemical properties of Gymnema sylvestre R. 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