{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T21:57:09Z","timestamp":1789595829640,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751587200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001862","name":"Svenska Forskningsr\u00e5det Formas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001862","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>With carbon dioxide (CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) levels continuing to rise in the coming decades and threatening agro-ecosystems worldwide, it is crucial to understand the impact of elevated CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> on global food production and security. Elevated CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> levels have been found to reduce micronutrients such as Zinc (Zn) and Iron (Fe) in staple crops, potentially exacerbating the already existing global micronutrient deficiency issue. However, as vegetables serve as another key source of micronutrients, it remains uncertain to what extent this negative effect on micronutrient levels also applies to them. To address this, we investigated the effects of elevated CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> on Zn and Fe in vegetables using a meta-analysis. As expected, we found a significant increase (27%, 95% CI: 14\u201341%) in vegetable biomass production under elevated CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> levels. Elevated CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (i) significantly reduced overall Zn concentration in vegetables by 8.9% (95% CI: 4\u201314%), while this effect was pronounced only in fruit vegetables (11%), but not in leafy and stem vegetables; (ii) consistently exhibited minimal effects on Fe concentration in vegetables. In the context of climate change with rising CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> levels, these findings suggest that elevated CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> could potentially exacerbate Zn deficiencies through vegetable consumption, albeit with enhanced vegetable yields. Furthermore, as the global population increasingly adopts vegetarian diets in the future, these results underscore the need for mitigation strategies to address potential future micronutrient deficiencies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2025.1509102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T05:28:19Z","timestamp":1751606899000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Elevated CO2 decreases micronutrient Zn but not Fe in vegetables \u2013 evidence from a meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xiaolin","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengmin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haichao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gijs","family":"Du Laing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Odlare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Skvaril","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2008.01594.x","article-title":"Rice production in a changing climate: a meta-analysis of responses to elevated carbon dioxide and elevated ozone concentration","volume":"14","author":"Ainsworth","year":"2008","journal-title":"Global Change Biol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2486.2002.00498.x","article-title":"A meta-analysis of elevated [CO2] effects on soybean (Glycine max) physiology, growth and yield","volume":"8","author":"Ainsworth","year":"2002","journal-title":"Global Change Biol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2004.01224.x","article-title":"What have we learned from 15 years of free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE)? A meta-analytic review of the responses of photosynthesis, canopy properties and plant production to rising CO2","volume":"165","author":"Ainsworth","year":"2005","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7425","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.5210","article-title":"Assessment of grain quality in terms of functional group response to elevated [CO2], water, and nitrogen using a meta-analysis: Grain protein, zinc, and iron under future climate","volume":"9","author":"Al-Hadeethi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.2134\/1994.physiologyanddetermination.c29","article-title":"Carbon dioxide increase: Direct impacts on crops and indirect\u00a0effects mediated through anticipated climatic changes","author":"Allen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Physiol. determ. Crop yield"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.2000.00685.x","article-title":"Dynamics of root systems in native grasslands: effects of elevated atmospheric CO2","volume":"147","author":"Arnone","year":"2000","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7348.2012.00563.x","article-title":"Elevated CO2 may impair the beneficial effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the mineral and phytochemical quality of lettuce","volume":"161","author":"Baslam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Appl. Biol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e307","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(19)30094-4","article-title":"Combining the effects of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide on protein, iron, and zinc availability and projected climate change on global diets: a modelling study","volume":"3","author":"Beach","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6510","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-85977-x","article-title":"Zinc deficiency is highly prevalent and spatially dependent over short distances in Ethiopia","volume":"11","author":"Belay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10061052","article-title":"Climate change, crop yields, and grain quality of C3 cereals: A meta-analysis of [CO2], temperature, and drought effects","volume":"10","author":"Ben Mariem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plants (Basel)"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2009.02006.x","article-title":"Elevated atmospheric CO2 increases microbial growth rates in soil: results of three CO2 enrichment experiments","volume":"16","author":"Blagodatskaya","year":"2010","journal-title":"Global Change Biol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2229-12-189","article-title":"Iron deficiency affects nitrogen metabolism in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants","volume":"12","author":"Borlotti","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Plant Biol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy7020032","article-title":"CO2-induced changes in wheat grain composition: meta-analysis and response functions","volume":"7","author":"Broberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.3316\/ielapa.557152715796448","article-title":"An original discovery: Selenium deficiency and keshan disease (an endemic heart disease)","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1007\/s11368-013-0814-z","article-title":"Review on iron availability in soil: interaction of Fe minerals, plants, and microbes","volume":"14","author":"Colombo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Soils Sed."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2016.09.012","article-title":"Iron in red meat-friend or foe","volume":"123","author":"Czerwonka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2018.00924","article-title":"Effects of elevated CO2 on nutritional quality of vegetables: A review","volume":"9","author":"Dong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.119920","article-title":"Sustainable vegetable production under changing climate: The impact of elevated CO2 on yield of vegetables and the interactions with environments-A review","volume":"253","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean Prod"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2438","DOI":"10.1016\/s2095-3119(18)62005-2","article-title":"Interactive effects of elevated carbon dioxide and nitrogen availability on fruit quality of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)","volume":"17","author":"Dong","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Integr. Agric."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4509","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.8976","article-title":"Elevated and\u00a0super-elevated CO2 differ in their interactive effects with nitrogen availability on fruit yield and quality of cucumber","volume":"98","author":"Dong","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","article-title":"Agricultural production statistics 2000\u20132021. FAOSTAT Analytical Brief Series No. 60","year":"2022","DOI":"10.4060\/cc3751en"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5301","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-15-5301-2023","article-title":"Global carbon budget 2023","volume":"15","author":"Friedlingstein","year":"2023","journal-title":"Earth Sys. Sci. Data"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-03968-4","article-title":"Abnormal whole-body energy metabolism in iron-deficient humans despite preserved skeletal muscle oxidative phosphorylation","volume":"12","author":"Frise","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-022-05386-5","article-title":"Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 and its interaction with temperature and nitrogen on yield of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.): a meta-analysis","volume":"475","author":"Gardi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731108003212","article-title":"Variability of selected trace elements of different meat cuts determined by ICP-MS and DRC-ICPMS","volume":"3","author":"Gerber","year":"2009","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.3945\/an.112.002287","article-title":"A historical review of progress in the assessment of dietary zinc intake as an indicator of population zinc status","volume":"3","author":"Gibson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"B27","volume-title":"Vegetable crops (No. 4)","author":"Gopalakrishnan","year":"2007"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(1999)080[1150:Tmaorr]2.0.Co;2","article-title":"The meta-analysis of response ratios in experimental ecology","volume":"80","author":"Hedges","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2011.12.007","article-title":"Grain quality characteristics of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) as affected by free-air CO2 enrichment","volume":"88","author":"H\u00f6gy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2022.108562","article-title":"Response of rice grain quality to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration: A meta-analysis of 20-year FACE studies","volume":"284","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Field Crops Res."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/78.3.633S","article-title":"Bioavailability of iron, zinc, and other trace minerals from vegetarian diets","volume":"78","author":"Hunt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/s0065-2113(08)60887-1","article-title":"The dilution effect in plant nutrition studies","volume":"34","author":"Jarrell","year":"1981","journal-title":"Adv. Agron."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2848","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1611576114","article-title":"Selenium deficiency risk predicted to increase under future climate change","volume":"114","author":"Jones","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-012-2544-x.pdf","article-title":"The impact of enhanced atmospheric carbon dioxide on yield, proximate composition, elemental concentration, fatty acid and vitamin C contents of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)","volume":"185","author":"Khan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.14166","article-title":"Increased temperatures may safeguard the nutritional quality of crops under future elevated CO2 concentrations","volume":"97","author":"K\u00f6hler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2013.12.021","article-title":"Growth, yield and quality attributes of a tropical potato variety (Solanum tuberosum L. cv Kufri chandramukhi) under ambient and elevated carbon dioxide and ozone and their interactions","volume":"101","author":"Kumari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2853","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2012.02758.x","article-title":"Nitrogen dynamics in grain crop and legume pasture systems under elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration: A meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Lam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Global Change Biol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15138\/9N0H-ZH07","article-title":"Trends in globally-averaged CO2 determined from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory measurements","author":"Lan","year":"2024"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2018.01413","article-title":"Impact of elevated CO2 on seed quality of soybean at the fresh edible and mature stages","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1918","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1114722","article-title":"Food for thought: lower-than-expected crop yield stimulation with rising CO2 concentrations","volume":"312","author":"Long","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.arplant.55.031903.141610","article-title":"Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide: plants FACE the future","volume":"55","author":"Long","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Plant Biol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2486.2002.00499.x","article-title":"The influence of plants grown under elevated CO2 and N fertilization on soil nitrogen dynamics","volume":"8","author":"Mart\u00edn-Olmedo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Global Change Biol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.12007","article-title":"Reduction of transpiration and altered nutrient allocation contribute to nutrient decline of crops grown in elevated CO2 concentrations","volume":"36","author":"McGrath","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e008705","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-008705","article-title":"Global, regional and national consumption of major food groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis including 266 country-specific nutrition surveys worldwide","volume":"5","author":"Micha","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2486.1998.00120.x","article-title":"Free Air CO2 Enrichment of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.): development, growth and yield","volume":"4","author":"Miglietta","year":"2002","journal-title":"Global Change Biol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12072098","article-title":"Selenium deficiency is associated with mortality risk from COVID-19","volume":"12","author":"Moghaddam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4553","DOI":"10.1021\/cr900112r","article-title":"Iron uptake and transport in plants: the good, the bad, and the ionome","volume":"109","author":"Morrissey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-031816-044356","article-title":"Climate change and global food systems: potential impacts on food security and undernutrition","volume":"38","author":"Myers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Public Health"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e639","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(15)00093-5","article-title":"Effect of increased concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide on the global threat of zinc deficiency: a modelling study","volume":"3","author":"Myers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Global Health"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13179","article-title":"Increasing CO2 threatens human nutrition","volume":"510","author":"Myers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.14144","article-title":"A robust and readily implementable method for the meta-analysis of response ratios with and without missing standard deviations","volume":"26","author":"Nakagawa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.988055","article-title":"Nitrogen fertilization coupled with iron foliar application improves the photosynthetic characteristics, photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency, and the related enzymes of maize crops under different planting patterns","volume":"13","author":"Nasar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.12062","article-title":"Altered root traits due to elevated CO2: a meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Nie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Global Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2014.00030","article-title":"Many rivers to cross: the journey of zinc from soil to seed","volume":"5","author":"Olsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy5030447","article-title":"Heavy metals in crop plants: transport and redistribution processes on the whole plant level","volume":"5","author":"Page","year":"2015","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2005.01085.x","article-title":"Effects of elevated CO2 on fine root dynamics in a Mojave Desert community: a FACE study","volume":"12","author":"Phillips","year":"2005","journal-title":"Global Change Biol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6566","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-43013-z","article-title":"The risk of selenium deficiency in Malawi is large and varies over multiple spatial scales","volume":"9","author":"Phiri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6b04118","article-title":"The form in which nitrogen is supplied affects the polyamines, amino acids, and mineral composition of sweet pepper fruit under an elevated CO2 concentration","volume":"65","author":"Pinero","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.4018\/ijsem.2018070102","article-title":"Potato market and consumption","volume":"7","author":"Pllana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. Econ. Manage."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo2284","article-title":"Plant growth enhancement by elevated CO2 eliminated by joint water and nitrogen limitation","volume":"7","author":"Reich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"B61","volume-title":"Assessing micronutrient deficiencies in emergencies: current practice and future directions","author":"Seal","year":"2007"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmab104","article-title":"The potential impact of climate change on the micronutrient-rich food supply","volume":"13","author":"Semba","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"B63","first-page":"198","article-title":"Plant responses to increased carbon dioxide","volume":"7","author":"Seneweera","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crop adapt to Climate Change"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GH000018","article-title":"Potential rise in iron deficiency due to future anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions","volume":"1","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geohealth"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-018-0253-3","article-title":"Impact of anthropogenic CO2 emissions on global human nutrition","volume":"8","author":"Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Climate Change"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1029\/2019GH000188","article-title":"Global health implications of nutrient changes in rice under high atmospheric carbon dioxide","volume":"3","author":"Smith","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geohealth"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plants8110465","article-title":"Growth and nutritional responses of bean and soybean genotypes to elevated CO2 in a controlled environment","volume":"8","author":"Soares","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plants (Basel)"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2013.00464","article-title":"Zn\/Fe remobilization from vegetative tissues to rice seeds: should I stay or should I go","volume":"4","author":"Sperotto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ask Zn\/Fe supply! Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.arplant.53.100301.135233","article-title":"Rubisco: structure, regulatory interactions, and possibilities for a better enzyme","volume":"53","author":"Spreitzer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Plant Biol."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(98)00122-9","article-title":"Dietary sources of nutrients among US adults 1989 to 1991","volume":"98","author":"Subar","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2007.01511.x","article-title":"Effects of elevated CO2 on the protein concentration of food crops: a meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Taub","year":"2007","journal-title":"Global Change Biol."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03306-8","article-title":"A trade-off between plant and soil carbon storage under elevated CO(2)","volume":"591","author":"Terrer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B73","volume-title":"Carbon Allocation in Underground Storage Organs","author":"Turesson","year":"2014"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0212840","article-title":"How elevated CO2 affects our nutrition in rice, and how we can deal with it","volume":"14","author":"Ujiie","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75894","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-27744-1","article-title":"Elevated CO2 altered the nano-ZnO-induced influence on bacterial and fungal composition in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) rhizosphere soils","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. pollut. Res."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2013.06.013","article-title":"Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on physiology and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): A meta-analytic test of current hypotheses","volume":"178","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Agricult. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy13030922","article-title":"How to efficiently produce the selenium-enriched cucumber fruit with high yield and qualities via hydroponic cultivation? The balance between selenium supply and CO2 fertilization","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-015-1374-6","article-title":"Response of rice production to elevated CO2 and its interaction with rising temperature or nitrogen supply: a meta-analysis","volume":"130","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clim. Change"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3854","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.11021","article-title":"Responses of rice qualitative characteristics to elevated carbon dioxide and higher temperature: implications for global nutrition","volume":"101","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Plant Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpls.2025.1509102\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T05:28:22Z","timestamp":1751606902000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpls.2025.1509102\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]]},"references-count":79,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpls.2025.1509102"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpls.2025.1509102","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-462X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-462X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]]},"article-number":"1509102"}}