{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T15:35:54Z","timestamp":1792251354422,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]],"date-time":"2025-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742428800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Climate change is expected to significantly alter forest ecosystems, reducing the suitability of the key economic tree species Norway spruce (<jats:italic>Picea abies<\/jats:italic>) and European beech (<jats:italic>Fagus sylvatica<\/jats:italic>) in low- and mid-elevation forests of Central Europe. As these species face increasing pressures from drought, storms, and pests, it is crucial to identify alternative tree species that are economically viable and capable of maintaining primary ecosystem services. This study investigated the potential of Douglas fir (<jats:italic>Pseudotsuga menziesii<\/jats:italic>), a non-native conifer, to establish from seed and compete with native broadleaf and conifer species during the early regeneration stage under differing resource availabilities. We assessed the growth performance and phenotypic plasticity of Douglas fir seedlings over three years in a controlled common-garden experiment. Seedlings of Douglas fir, along with seven native species \u2014 Norway spruce, silver fir (<jats:italic>Abies alba<\/jats:italic>), Scots pine (<jats:italic>Pinus sylvestris<\/jats:italic>), European beech, pedunculate oak (<jats:italic>Quercus robur<\/jats:italic>), sessile oak (<jats:italic>Q. petraea<\/jats:italic>), and sycamore (<jats:italic>Acer pseudoplatanus<\/jats:italic>) \u2014 were grown for three years under factorial combinations of high and low availabilities of light, nutrients, and water. Seedling height, biomass allocation to shoots and roots and phenotypic plasticity of these traits were measured to evaluate the competitive ability of individual species and their potential to adapt to changing environmental conditions. While Douglas fir seedlings exhibited strong growth performance compared to the conifers Norway spruce and silver fir, their biomass production and height growth was considerably lower than that of the broadleaved sycamore and beech. However, Douglas fir\u2019s height growth rate in the third year exceeded all species except sycamore. This was particularly pronounced under dry and\/or nutrient-poor conditions, indicating a potential competitive advantage under expected future climatic conditions. In agreement with field studies, our results indicate that non-native Douglas fir may sustainably establish in dry, nutrient poor European lowland forests due to its superior early growth performance under these conditions and the high phenotypic plasticity, of its root system. This holds especially in situations where the species competes with other conifers, while its ability to successfully compete with broadleaves appears to be largely restricted to nutrient-poor sites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2025.1546250","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]],"date-time":"2025-03-20T09:48:04Z","timestamp":1742464084000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Non-native Douglas fir seedlings outcompete native Norway spruce, silver fir and Scots pine under dry and nutrient-poor conditions"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Barbara","family":"Moser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther R.","family":"Frei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Bachofen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Wohlgemuth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Scherrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"4","article-title":"Waldbau mit Douglasie","volume-title":"Z\u00fcrcher Wald","author":"Ammann","year":"2020"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1111\/jpe.2019.56.issue-4","article-title":"Biomass partitioning in a future dry and CO2 enriched climate: Shading aggravates drought effects in Scots pine but not European black pine seedlings","volume":"56","author":"Bachofen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. society: Ser. B (Methodological)"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.3188\/szf.2018.0086","article-title":"Invasivit\u00e4t der Douglasie in S\u00fcdwestdeutschland: Waldinventurdaten erlauben eine Einsch\u00e4tzung","volume":"169","author":"Bindewald","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schweizerische Z. fur Forstwesen"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.funeco.2010.07.003","article-title":"Influence of tree species on richness and diversity of epigeous fungal communities in a French temperate forest stand","volume":"4","author":"Bu\u00e9e","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fungal Ecol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1127(02)00270-0","article-title":"Driving forces of forest management\u2014an analysis of regeneration practices in the forests of the Swiss Central Plateau during the 19th and 20th century","volume":"176","author":"B\u00fcrgi","year":"2003","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manage."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-024-02080-5","article-title":"Assisted tree migration can preserve the European forest carbon sink under climate change","volume":"14","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Climate Change"},{"key":"B8","first-page":"35","article-title":"Waldresourcen","volume-title":"Schweizerisches Landesforstinventar","author":"Cioldi","year":"2020"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2745.2000.00473.x","article-title":"Fluctuating resources in plant communities: a general theory of invasibility","volume":"88","author":"Davis","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Ecol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1080\/13416979.2017.1386021","article-title":"Ecology and silviculture of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.): A review","volume":"22","author":"Dobrowolska","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. For. Res."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/tpv105","article-title":"A coastal and an interior Douglas fir provenance exhibit different metabolic strategies to deal with drought stress","volume":"36","author":"Du","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"B12","first-page":"9","article-title":"Waldschutz: ein Blick auf die Douglasie","volume":"4","author":"Dubach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Z\u00fcrcher Wald"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13925","article-title":"How much does climate change threaten European forest tree species distributions","volume":"24","author":"Dyderski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Global Change Biol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/tps004","article-title":"Tree-growth analyses to estimate tree species\u2019 drought tolerance","volume":"32","author":"Eilmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"B15","first-page":"117","article-title":"Verbreitung, Status und Habitatbindung der subspontanen Best\u00e4nde der Douglasie (Pseudotsuga menziesii) in \u00d6sterreich","volume":"45","author":"Essl","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phyton"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3777","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.2015.21.issue-10","article-title":"Dominant tree species are at risk from exaggerated drought under climate change","volume":"21","author":"Fensham","year":"2015","journal-title":"Global Change Biol."},{"key":"B17","volume-title":"Schlussbericht des Projektes \u00abAdaptierte \u00d6kogramme\u00bb im Forschungsprogramm \u00abWald und Klimawandel\u00bb","author":"Frehner","year":"2019"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1111\/plb.13467","article-title":"European beech dieback after premature leaf senescence during the 2018 drought in northern Switzerland","volume":"24","author":"Frei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plant Biol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.3188\/szf.2021.0094","article-title":"Ausbreitungstendenzen und Konkurrenzkraft der Douglasie in der Schweiz","volume":"172","author":"Frei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Schweizerische Z. fur Forstwesen"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2021.119767","article-title":"Competitive ability of natural Douglas fir regeneration in central European close-to-nature forests","volume":"503","author":"Frei","year":"2022","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manage."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s11258-005-9012-4","article-title":"Effects of gap size and associated changes in light and soil moisture on the understorey vegetation of a Hungarian beech forest","volume":"183","author":"G\u00e1lhidy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plant Ecol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.3390\/f13111796","article-title":"Douglas fir growth is constrained by drought: delineating the climatic limits of timber species under seasonally dry conditions","volume":"13","author":"Gazol","year":"2022","journal-title":"Forests"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.23765\/afjz000101","article-title":"Zur\u00fcck in die Zukunft \u2013 Ein neuer Blick auf die Perspektiven f\u00fcr die Buche nach 20 Jahren Forschung und weiter fortschreitendem Klimawandel","volume":"193","author":"Gessler","year":"2024","journal-title":"AFZ-DerWald"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.05.069","article-title":"The influence of forest management systems on the environmental impacts for Douglas-fir production in France","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Garc\u00eda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"B25","first-page":"167","article-title":"Introduced Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) affects community structure of tree-crown dwelling beetles in a managed European forest","volume":"1","author":"Gossner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biologische Invasionen. Herausforderungen zum Handeln"},{"key":"B26","first-page":"105","article-title":"Douglas fir stands deprive wintering bird species of food resource","volume":"3","author":"Gossner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neobiota"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1007\/s40725-021-00142-x","article-title":"Bark beetle outbreaks in Europe: state of knowledge and ways forward for management","volume":"7","author":"Hl\u00e1sny","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Forestry Rep."},{"key":"B28","first-page":"74","article-title":"Naturschutzfachliche Bewertung der Douglasie aus Sicht des Bundesamtes f\u00fcr Naturschutz","volume":"59","author":"H\u00f6ltermann","year":"2013","journal-title":"LWF Wissen"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2009.02.004","article-title":"Evapotranspiration and water use efficiency in different-aged Pacific Northwest Douglas-fir stands","volume":"149","author":"Jassal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorology"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/19.1.31","article-title":"Shoot and root vulnerability to xylem cavitation in four populations of Douglas-fir seedlings","volume":"19","author":"Kavanagh","year":"1999","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"B31","first-page":"1117","volume-title":"Die Naturverjuengung der Douglasie im Bereich des Stadtwaldes von Freiburg","author":"Knoerzer","year":"1996"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.3188\/szf.2021.0066","article-title":"Waldbau mit Douglasie in Deutschland und in Frankreich","volume":"172","author":"Kohnle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Schweizerische Z. fur Forstwesen"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-100X.2011.00777.x","article-title":"Assisted colonization: A question of focal units and recipient localities","volume":"19","author":"Kreyling","year":"2011","journal-title":"Restor. Ecol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1156831","article-title":"A significant upward shift in plant species optimum elevation during the 20th century","volume":"320","author":"Lenoir","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2014.06.001","article-title":"Growth response of five co-occurring conifers to drought across a wide climatic gradient in Central Europe","volume":"197","author":"L\u00e9vesque","year":"2014","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorology"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3184","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.2013.19.issue-10","article-title":"Drought response of five conifer species under contrasting water availability suggests high vulnerability of Norway spruce and European larch","volume":"19","author":"L\u00e9vesque","year":"2013","journal-title":"Global Change Biol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s11258-005-2221-z","article-title":"Nutrient return with leaf litter fall in Fagus sylvatica forests across a soil fertility gradient","volume":"177","author":"Meier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Plant Ecol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1007\/s13595-016-0574-1","article-title":"Root architecture might account for contrasting establishment success of Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii and Pinus sylvestris in Central Europe under dry conditions","volume":"73","author":"Moser","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. For. Sci."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1093\/forestry\/cpz055","article-title":"Genetic diversity in introduced Douglas-fir and its natural regeneration in Central Europe","volume":"93","author":"Neophytou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Forestry: Int. J. For. Res."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1007\/s11676-023-01607-4","article-title":"Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) in Europe: an overview of management practices","volume":"34","author":"Nicolescu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Forestry Res."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9615(2006)076[0521:TTSDAW]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Tolerance to shade, drought, and waterlogging of temperate northern hemisphere trees and shrubs","volume":"76","author":"Niinemets","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecol. Monogr."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2021.108482","article-title":"Tree mortality of European beech and Norway spruce induced by 2018-2019 hot droughts in central Germany","volume":"307","author":"Obladen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorology"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1525\/bio.2012.62.9.10","article-title":"Placing forestry in the assisted migration debate","volume":"62","author":"Pedlar","year":"2012","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1093\/forestry\/cpm030","article-title":"Effects of shade on growth and mortality of maple (Acer pseudoplatanus), ash (Fraxinus excelsior) and beech (Fagus sylvatica) saplings","volume":"80","author":"Petritan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Forestry: Int. J. For. Res."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s10342-021-01427-3","article-title":"Survival time and mortality rate of regeneration in the deep shade of a primeval beech forest","volume":"141","author":"Petrovska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. For. Res."},{"key":"B46","volume-title":"Mixed-effects models in S and S-PLUS","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2006"},{"key":"B47","volume-title":"nlme: Linear and Nonlinear Mixed Effects Models","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2023"},{"key":"B48","volume-title":"Wald im Klimawandel: Grundlagen f\u00fcr Adaptationsstrategien","author":"Pluess","year":"2016"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s10021-021-00649-1","article-title":"Canopy disturbances catalyse tree species shifts in Swiss forests","volume":"25","author":"Scherrer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecosystems"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2023.120827","article-title":"Low naturalness of Swiss broadleaf forests increases their susceptibility to disturbances","volume":"532","author":"Scherrer","year":"2023","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manage."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.3188\/szf.2021.0278","article-title":"R\u00e4umlich explizite Modellierung der NaiS-Standorttypen zur Analyse der Waldbestockung","volume":"172","author":"Scherrer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Schweizerische Z. fur Forstwesen"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s10342-013-0745-7","article-title":"Ecological consequences of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) cultivation in Europe","volume":"133","author":"Schmid","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. For. Res."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.baae.2020.04.003","article-title":"A first assessment of the impact of the extreme 2018 summer drought on Central European forests","volume":"45","author":"Schuldt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Basic Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s10342-006-0111-0","article-title":"Vulnerability of spruce (Picea abies) and beech (Fagus sylvatica) forest stands to storms and consequences for silviculture","volume":"125","author":"Sch\u00fctz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. For. Res."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2318","article-title":"Increasing forest disturbances in Europe and their impact on carbon storage","volume":"4","author":"Seidl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Climate Change"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate3303","article-title":"Forest disturbances under climate change","volume":"7","author":"Seidl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Climate Change"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2016.11.030","article-title":"Assessing the resilience of Norway spruce forests through a model-based reanalysis of thinning trials","volume":"388","author":"Seidl","year":"2017","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manage."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/11.4.401","article-title":"Root growth and water use efficiency of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.) seedlings","volume":"11","author":"Smit","year":"1992","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/17.4.275","article-title":"Xylem cavitation in roots and stems of Douglas-fir and white fir","volume":"17","author":"Sperry","year":"1997","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"B60","volume-title":"Wood harvest by use 2023","year":"2024"},{"key":"B61","first-page":"1","article-title":"Baum-und stratenpr\u00e4ferenzen nahrungssuchender waldvogelarten in waldbest\u00e4nden unterschiedlicher baumartenzusammensetzung","volume":"45","author":"Utschick","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ornithologischer Anzeiger"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2745.2006.01176.x","article-title":"Quantitative estimation of phenotypic plasticity: bridging the gap between the evolutionary concept and its ecological applications","volume":"94","author":"Valladares","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Ecol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5108","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.2017.23.issue-12","article-title":"Silver fir and Douglas fir are more tolerant to extreme droughts than Norway spruce in south-western Germany","volume":"23","author":"Vitali","year":"2017","journal-title":"Global Change Biol."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dendro.2018.01.001","article-title":"Seasonality matters\u2014The effects of past and projected seasonal climate change on the growth of native and exotic conifer species in Central Europe","volume":"48","author":"Vitali","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dendrochronologia"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3781","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.v25.11","article-title":"Contrasting resistance and resilience to extreme drought and late spring frost in five major European tree species","volume":"25","author":"Vitasse","year":"2019","journal-title":"Global Change Biol."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1007\/s10342-019-01192-4","article-title":"What is the potential of silver fir to thrive under warmer and drier climate","volume":"138","author":"Vitasse","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. For. Res."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.17875\/gup2015-843","volume-title":"Potenziale und Risiken eingef\u00fchrter Baumarten","author":"Vor","year":"2015"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3897\/neobiota.78.87022","article-title":"Impact of non-native tree species in Europe on soil properties and biodiversity: a review","volume":"78","author":"Wohlgemuth","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neobiota"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.3188\/szf.2021.0118","article-title":"[amp]]Uuml;ber die Invasivit\u00e4t der Douglasie und ihre Auswirkungen auf Boden und Biodiversit\u00e4t","volume":"172","author":"Wohlgemuth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Schweizerische Z. fur Forstwesen"},{"key":"B70","first-page":"17","article-title":"Dynamik von St\u00f6rungen in W\u00e4ldern auf der Alpennordseite von 1900 bis 2022","author":"Wohlgemuth","year":"2023"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9050621","article-title":"Contrasting leaf trait responses of conifer and broadleaved seedlings to altered resource availability are linked to resource strategies","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plants"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Plant Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpls.2025.1546250\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]],"date-time":"2025-03-20T09:48:14Z","timestamp":1742464094000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpls.2025.1546250\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]]},"references-count":71,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpls.2025.1546250"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpls.2025.1546250","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-462X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-462X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]]},"article-number":"1546250"}}