{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T09:00:01Z","timestamp":1784365201820,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":137,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tropical montane cloud forests (TMCFs) host specialized plant species reliant on persistent atmospheric humidity, including fog immersion obligates and relict assemblages. Understanding anatomical and morphological adaptations in TMCF woody angiosperms is critical for elucidating their acclimation strategies to hydric stress under shifting fog regimes. This study investigates interspecific variability in wood and leaf traits among 10 TMCF tree species in Mexico\u2019s Medio Monte Natural Protected Area, hypothesizing that distinct anatomical strategies emerge in response to climatic stressors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Wood anatomical (e.g., vessel density, hydraulic diameter, fiber length) and leaf morphological traits (e.g., lamina length, vein density, leaf organization) were analyzed across species. Traits were correlated with climatic variables\u2014mean maximum\/minimum temperatures, monthly precipitation, and evapotranspiration\u2014to identify adaptive patterns. Statistical analyses quantified interspecific differences and assessed trait-climate relationships.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Significant interspecific divergence occurred in both wood and leaf traits. Wood anatomy was strongly influenced by mean maximum temperature, precipitation, and evapotranspiration, affecting vessel density, vulnerability index, ray dimensions, and fiber length. Leaf traits correlated with temperature extremes and evapotranspiration, driving variation in leaf size, apex\/base morphology, venation complexity, and marginal teeth. Notably, hydraulic efficiency (e.g., wider vessels) aligned with higher precipitation, while drought-associated traits (e.g., denser veins) linked to elevated temperatures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>TMCF species exhibit trait-based strategies balancing hydraulic safety and efficiency, reflecting niche partitioning under microclimatic gradients. Temperature and water availability differentially shape wood and leaf adaptations, with vessel architecture and venation patterns acting as key regulators of water loss. These findings underscore the functional diversity of TMCF trees and their capacity to acclimate to environmental variability. Conservation efforts must prioritize microclimate preservation to safeguard these adaptive traits amid climate change.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2025.1555607","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T16:52:24Z","timestamp":1749055944000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Does climatic variation drive the adjustment of functional traits? An assessment of Tropical Montane Cloud Forest tree species"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Agustina Rosa","family":"Andr\u00e9s-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ernesto C.","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1007\/s004420100805","article-title":"Leaf size, specific leaf area and microhabitat distribution of chaparral woody plants: Contrasting patterns in species level and community level analyses","volume":"130","author":"Ackerly","year":"2002","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.5829\/idosi.wasj.2020.486.496","article-title":"Anatomical, morphological and physiological responses of plants to drought stress","volume":"38","author":"Amesalu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Afr J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.9228","article-title":"The effect of climate change on Arcto-Tertiary Mexican beech forests: Exploring their past, present, and future distribution","volume":"12","author":"Ames-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-15783-2_9","article-title":"Wood anatomy and plant hydraulics in a changing climate","volume-title":"Functional and Ecological Xylem Anatomy","author":"Anderegg","year":"2015"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.2307\/1939637","article-title":"AIC model selection in overdispersed capture-recapture data","volume":"75","author":"Anderson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.flora.2023.152383","article-title":"Functional traits and adaptive capacity of cloud forest Ternstroemia species in response to climatic variation","volume":"307","author":"Andr\u00e9s-Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Flora: Morphol Distrib Funct. Ecol. Plants"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/ffgc.2021.704670","article-title":"Tree mortality: Testing the link between drought, embolism vulnerability, and xylem conduit diameter remains a priority","volume":"4","author":"Anfodillo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. For Glob Change"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.flora.2022.152072","article-title":"Tropical wet and dry forest tree species exhibit contrasting hydraulic architecture","volume":"291","author":"Apgaua","year":"2022","journal-title":"Flora: Morphol Distrib Funct. Ecol. Plants"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14562","DOI":"10.1111\/ppl.14562","article-title":"Different drought-tolerance strategies of tree species to cope with increased water stress under climate change in a mixed forest","volume":"176","author":"Aranda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2040","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.14362","article-title":"Adaptation potential of Neotropical montane oaks to drought events: Wood anatomy sensitivity in Quercus delgadoana and Quercus meavei","volume":"37","author":"Arg\u00fcelles-Marr\u00f3n","year":"2023","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02078","article-title":"Wood anatomy of two species of the genus Chrysochlamys (Clusiaceae: Clusioideae: Clusieae) from the northern Andes of Colombia","volume":"5","author":"Ayala-Usma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0263508","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0263508","article-title":"Changes in tree functional composition across topographic gradients and through time in a tropical montane forest","volume":"17","author":"B\u00e1ez","year":"2022","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.05.050","article-title":"The ecological significance of lobed and toothed leaves in temperate forest trees","volume":"78","author":"Baker-Brosh","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001806","article-title":"Plasmodesmata play a key role in leaf vein patterning","volume":"20","author":"Band","year":"2022","journal-title":"PloS Biol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2380","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.13838","article-title":"Small tropical forest trees have a greater capacity to adjust carbon metabolism to long-term drought than large canopy trees","volume":"43","author":"Bartholomew","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ."},{"key":"B16","volume-title":"Package \u2018MuMIn\u2019 Version 1.46.0","author":"Barton","year":"2022"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4","volume":"67","author":"Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2307\/2418781","volume-title":"Botanical Microtechnique and Cytochemistry","author":"Berlyn","year":"1976"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-7976-6","volume-title":"Numerical Ecology with R","author":"Borcard","year":"2011"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-005-0261-7","article-title":"Phenology of temperate trees in tropical climates","volume":"50","author":"Borchert","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.7974","article-title":"Hydrometeorology of tropical montane cloud forests: emerging patterns","volume":"25","author":"Bruijnzeel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hydrol Process"},{"key":"B22","volume-title":"Tropical montane cloud forests: Science for Conservation and Management","author":"Bruijnzeel","year":"2010"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/tpad070","article-title":"Ecophysiological controls on water use of tropical cloud forest trees in response to experimental drought","volume":"43","author":"Brum","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4206","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31380-7","article-title":"Rates and drivers of aboveground carbon accumulation in global monoculture plantation forests","volume":"13","author":"Bukoski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9993.2011.02260.x","article-title":"Masting in a temperate tree: Evidence for environmental prediction","volume":"37","author":"Burns","year":"2012","journal-title":"Austral Ecol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.3732\/ajb.1000539","article-title":"Paleocene Malvaceae from northern South America and their biogeographical implications","volume":"98","author":"Carvalho","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Bot."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/s12228-009-9084-x","article-title":"Foliar architecture and anatomy of Bernardia and other genera of Acalyphoideae (Euphorbiaceae)","volume":"61","author":"Cervantes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brittonia"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s12225-023-10119-7","article-title":"A massive Critically Endangered cloud forest tree, Microcos rumpi (Grewiaceae) new to science from the Rumpi Hills, SW Region, Cameroon","volume":"78","author":"Cheek","year":"2023","journal-title":"Kew Bull."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0240-x","article-title":"Triggers of tree mortality under drought","volume":"558","author":"Choat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-014-2888-8","article-title":"Moisture status during a strong El Ni\u00f1o explains a tropical montane cloud forest\u2019s upper limit","volume":"175","author":"Crausbay","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"B31","first-page":"529","article-title":"Wood density and fiber length in young Populus stems: Relation to clone, age, growth rate, and pruning","volume":"34","author":"DeBell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Wood Fiber Sci."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108628426","volume-title":"Handbook of Trait-Based Ecology From Theory to R Tools","author":"De Bello","year":"2021"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.754898","article-title":"A Wilcoxon\u2013Mann\u2013Whitney test for latent variables","volume":"12","author":"Dehaene","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B34","volume-title":"Package \u2018glm2.\u2019","author":"Donoghoe","year":"2022"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1918","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-018-0716-y","article-title":"Tropical forest leaves may darken in response to climate change","volume":"2","author":"Doughty","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v022.i04","article-title":"The ade4 package-II: Two-table and K-table methods","volume":"7","author":"Dray","year":"2007","journal-title":"R News"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.13952","article-title":"Cloud forest trees with higher foliar water uptake capacity and anisohydric behavior are more vulnerable to drought and climate change","volume":"211","author":"Eller","year":"2016","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s40725-020-00115-6","article-title":"How climate shapes the functioning of tropical montane cloud forests","volume":"6","author":"Eller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. For Rep."},{"key":"B39","volume-title":"Manual of Leaf Architecture. The New York Botanical Garden Press","author":"Ellis","year":"2009"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266467415000176","article-title":"Tropical montane cloud forest: environmental drivers of vegetation structure and ecosystem function","volume":"32","author":"Fahey","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Trop. Ecol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3142","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202306.1937","article-title":"Tropical trees will need to acclimate to rising temperatures. But can they","volume":"12","author":"Feeley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04959-9","article-title":"Emerging signals of declining forest resilience under climate change","volume":"608","author":"Forzieri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.2307\/3545512","article-title":"Tropical forest biodiversity: distributional patterns and their conservational significance","volume":"63","author":"Gentry","year":"1992","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-7299-5_6","article-title":"Leaf and canopy adaptations in tropical forests","volume-title":"Physiological ecology of plants of the wet tropics","author":"Givnish","year":"1984"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.14121","article-title":"Variation in leaf wettability traits along a tropical montane elevation gradient","volume":"214","author":"Goldsmith","year":"2017","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/sym15061198","article-title":"Leaf shape and self-mulching by trees: A hypothesis","volume":"15","author":"Graham","year":"2023","journal-title":"Symmetry"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2012.0458","article-title":"Leaf morphology shift linked to climate change","volume":"8","author":"Guerin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Lett."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2622","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.16082","article-title":"Small and slow is safe: On the drought tolerance of tropical tree species","volume":"28","author":"Guillemot","year":"2022","journal-title":"Glob Chang Biol."},{"key":"B49","volume-title":"Package \u2018Hmisc\u2019","author":"Harrell","year":"2024"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.2307\/2346830","article-title":"Algorithm AS 136: A K-means clustering algorithm","volume":"28","author":"Hartigan","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. R Stat. Soc. Ser. B Methodol"},{"key":"B51","volume-title":"Manual of leaf architecture- morphological description and categorization of dicotyledonous and net-veined monocotyledonous angiosperms","author":"Hickey","year":"1999"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-015-3533-x","article-title":"Life in the clouds: are tropical montane cloud forests responding to changes in climate","volume":"180","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/ffgc.2024.1330561","article-title":"Clouds and plant ecophysiology: missing links for understanding climate change impacts","volume":"7","author":"Hughes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. For. Glob. Change"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.2307\/4110625","article-title":"IAWA list of microscopic features for hardwood identification by an IAWA Committee","volume":"10","year":"1989","journal-title":"IAWA J."},{"key":"B55","article-title":"What\u2019s the point of toothed leaves","author":"Iszkulo","year":"2024"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/cp-2021-30","article-title":"CHELSA-TraCE21k v1.0. Downscaled transient temperature and precipitation data since the last glacial maximum","author":"Karger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clim Past Discuss"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.13829","article-title":"Where do functional traits come from? The role of theory and models","volume":"35","author":"Kearney","year":"2021","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"B58","volume-title":"Tree diversity analysis. A manual and software for common statistical methods for ecological and biodiversity studies","author":"Kindt","year":"2005"},{"key":"B59","volume-title":"Package \u201cpheatmap\u201d: Pretty heatmaps","author":"Kolde","year":"2022"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.21425\/F5FBG53774","article-title":"Globally important plant functional traits for coping with climate change","volume":"13","author":"K\u00fchn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Biogeogr"},{"key":"B61","volume-title":"Numerical Ecology","author":"Legendre","year":"1998"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3489","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12934","article-title":"Leaf-trait plasticity and species vulnerability to climate change in a Mongolian steppe","volume":"21","author":"Liancourt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob Chang Biol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1111\/rec.12209","article-title":"Tropical reforestation and climate change: beyond carbon","volume":"23","author":"Locatelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Restor. Ecol."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15415","DOI":"10.7717\/PEERJ.15415","article-title":"Small-fragment, high turnover: soil microenvironment fluctuation effect on tree diversity in a Neotropical montane oak forest","volume":"11","author":"L\u00f3pez-Calvillo","year":"2023","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2021.112431","article-title":"Detection of signals linked to climate change, land-cover change and climate oscillators in tropical montane cloud forests","volume":"260","author":"Los","year":"2021","journal-title":"Remote Sens Environt"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/d15010042","article-title":"Threatened trees characteristic of Mexican Tropical Montane Cloud Forests","volume":"15","author":"Luna-Vega","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diversity"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.20049","article-title":"Future tree mortality is impossible to observe, but a new model reveals why tropical tree traits matter more than climate change variability for predicting hydraulic failure","volume":"244","author":"Mackay","year":"2024","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/f13020219","article-title":"Warming responses of leaf morphology are highly variable among tropical tree species","volume":"13","author":"Manishimwe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Forests"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1086\/706781","article-title":"Morphological variation in North American Tilia and its value in species delineation","volume":"181","author":"McCarthy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2307\/3222557","volume-title":"Plant Microtechnique","author":"McCracken","year":"1940"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2006.02.002","article-title":"Rebuilding community ecology from functional traits","volume":"21","author":"McGill","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781107415324.004","article-title":"Characteristics of the vegetation in certain temperate regions of eastern Mexico","volume":"31","author":"Miranda","year":"1950","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-024-02564-9","article-title":"The global distribution and drivers of wood density and their impact on forest carbon stocks","volume":"8","author":"Mo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-02899-5_46","article-title":"Leaf anatomy of Beilschmiedia (Lauraceae) in the neotropics","volume":"4","author":"Nishida","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat. Hum. Activities"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcu060","article-title":"The hydroclimatic and ecophysiological basis of cloud forest distributions under current and projected climates","volume":"113","author":"Oliveira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s10086-021-01956-w","article-title":"Climatic influence on tree wood anatomy: a review","volume":"67","author":"Pandey","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Wood Sci."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.6876","article-title":"Hierarchical generalized additive models in ecology: An introduction with mgcv","volume":"7","author":"Pedersen","year":"2019","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1048-z","article-title":"Climate\u2013land-use interactions shape tropical mountain biodiversity and ecosystem functions","volume":"568","author":"Peters","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1453","article-title":"Vulnerability of cloud forest reserves in Mexico to climate change","volume":"2","author":"Ponce-Reyes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Clim Chang"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1086\/337202","article-title":"The occurrence of silica in the leaves of Magnolia grandiflora L","volume":"142","author":"Postek","year":"1981","journal-title":"Bot. Gaz"},{"key":"B81","volume-title":"Mountain Forests in a Changing World Mountain Forests in a Changing World Realizing values, addressing challenges","author":"Price","year":"2011"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1086\/427483","article-title":"Fossil Corylopsis and Fothergilla leaves (Hamamelidaceae) from the lower Eocene flora of Republic, Washington, U.S.A., and their evolutionary and biogeographic significance","volume":"166","author":"Radtke","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20171893","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2017.1893","article-title":"The functional syndrome: linking individual trait variability to ecosystem functioning","volume":"284","author":"Raffard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. R Soc. B"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adn2559","article-title":"Upslope plant species shifts in Mesoamerican cloud forests driven by climate and land use change","volume":"387","author":"Ram\u00edrez-Barahona","year":"2025","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21829\/abm131.2024.2332","article-title":"Leaf architecture and anatomy of eight species of Tilia (Malvaceae)","volume":"131","author":"Ram\u00edrez-D\u00edaz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Bot. Mex."},{"key":"B86","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","year":"2018"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/ajb2.16322","article-title":"Leaf functional traits and ecological niche of Fagus grandifolia and Oreomunnea mexicana in natural forests and plantings as a proxy of climate change","volume":"111","author":"Reyes-Ortiz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Bot."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-07239-6","article-title":"Effects of climate and forest development on habitat specialization and biodiversity in Central European mountain forests","volume":"15","author":"Richter","year":"2024","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2239","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.19956","article-title":"Future climate doubles the risk of hydraulic failure in a wet tropical forest","volume":"244","author":"Robbins","year":"2024","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/ajb2.16400","article-title":"Tracking climate vulnerability across spatial distribution and functional traits in Magnolia gentryi from the Peruvian tropical montane cloud forest","volume":"11","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Ram\u00edrez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Bot."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1163\/22941932-bja10132","article-title":"Exploring monsoon precipitation signal in the Peruvian tropical montane cloud forest: Andean Walnut wood anatomy plasticity","volume":"45","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Ram\u00edrez","year":"2023","journal-title":"IAWA J."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-25645-w","article-title":"Plastic adjustments in xylem vessel traits to drought events in three Cedrela species from Peruvian Tropical Andean forests","volume":"12","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Ram\u00edrez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-024-05348-2","article-title":"Ecological stress memory in wood architecture of two Neotropical hickory species from central-eastern Mexico","volume":"24","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Ram\u00edrez","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Plant Biol."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10122595","article-title":"Leaf vein morphological variation in four endangered Neotropical Magnolia species along an elevation gradient in the Mexican tropical montane cloud forests","volume":"10","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Ram\u00edrez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.3959\/1536-1098-74.1.94","article-title":"Tree-ring research of Mexican beech (Fagus grandifolia subsp. mexicana) a relict tree endemic to eastern Mexico","volume":"74","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Ram\u00edrez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tree Ring Res."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1007\/s11258-021-01138-0","article-title":"Response of leaf morphological traits of relict-endemic Symplocos species (S. coccinea and S. speciosa) to elevation and abiotic fluctuations","volume":"222","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Ram\u00edrez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plant Ecol."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1007\/s00468-022-02371-4","article-title":"Assessing the drought effect on tree rings\u2019 width and xylem traits plasticity in Symplocos coccinea and S. speciosa: two rare and endemic Neotropical montane oak forest trees from eastern Mexico","volume":"37","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Ram\u00edrez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trees-Struct Funct."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1093\/jpe\/rtw138","article-title":"Relationship between vegetation structure and microenvironment in Fagus grandifolia subsp. mexicana forest relicts in Mexico","volume":"11","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Ram\u00edrez","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Plant Ecol."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s00468-018-1755-3","article-title":"The influence of climate on the masting behavior of Mexican beech: growth rings and xylem anatomy","volume":"33","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Ram\u00edrez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trees-Struct Funct."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/F11070737","article-title":"Plastic responses of Magnolia schiedeana Schltdl., a relict-endangered Mexican cloud forest tree, to climatic events: Evidences from leaf venation and wood vessel anatomy","volume":"11","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Ram\u00edrez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Forests"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1093\/jpe\/rtaa019","article-title":"Drought effects on the plasticity in vessel traits of two endemic Magnolia species in the tropical montane cloud forests of eastern Mexico","volume":"13","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Ram\u00edrez","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Plant Ecol."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.3732\/ajb.1100428","article-title":"Roles of climate and functional traits in controlling toothed vs. untoothed leaf margins","volume":"99","author":"Royer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Bot."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1086\/497995","article-title":"Why do toothed leaves correlate with cold climates? Gas exchange at leaf margins provides new insights into a classic paleotemperature proxy","volume":"167","author":"Royer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B104","article-title":"Plant microtechnique and microscopy","author":"Ruzin","year":"2000"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oneear.2021.06.002","article-title":"Detecting vulnerability of humid tropical forests to multiple stressors","volume":"4","author":"Saatchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"One Earth"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actao.2008.04.004","article-title":"Variation of functional traits in trees from a biogeographically complex Mexican cloud forest","volume":"34","author":"Salda\u00f1a-Acosta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Oecol."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.flora.2023.152397","article-title":"Climatic variability and plant functional traits in tropical montane cloud forest refugia along the Trans Mexican Volcanic Belt","volume":"308","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Vel\u00e1squez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Flora: Morphol Distrib Funct. Ecol. Plants"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2997","DOI":"10.1007\/s10618-023-00993-x","article-title":"Marginal effects for non-linear prediction functions","volume":"38","author":"Scholbeck","year":"2024","journal-title":"Data Min Knowl. Discov."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1163\/22941932-00000070","article-title":"How drought and deciduousness shape xylem plasticity in three Costa Rican woody plant species","volume":"35","author":"Scholz","year":"2014","journal-title":"IAWA J."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/tps122","article-title":"Changes in wood density, wood anatomy and hydraulic properties of the xylem along the root-to-shoot flow path in tropical rainforest trees","volume":"33","author":"Schuldt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139627061","volume-title":"Multivariate analysis of ecological data using CANOCO 5","author":"\u0160milauer","year":"2014"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2021.04.004","article-title":"All traits are functional: An evolutionary viewpoint","volume":"26","author":"Sobral","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Plant Sci."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-11-00094.1","article-title":"An overview of CMIP5 and the experiment design","volume":"93","author":"Taylor","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol Soc."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/f12030372","article-title":"Wood modification as a tool to understand moisture in wood","volume":"12","author":"Thybring","year":"2021","journal-title":"Forests"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12479","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.4601","article-title":"Rainforest trees respond to drought by modifying their hydraulic architecture","volume":"8","author":"Tng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s13595-019-0900-5","article-title":"Leaf functional traits predict cloud forest tree seedling survival along an elevation gradient","volume":"76","author":"Toledo-Aceves","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. For Sci."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.17129\/botsci.116","article-title":"Effect of climate change on the distribution of Magnolia schiedeana: A threatened species","volume":"92","author":"V\u00e1squez-Morales","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bot. Sci."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2013.2612","article-title":"Increased temperature variation poses a greater risk to species than climate warming","volume":"281","author":"Vasseur","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. R Soc. B-Biol Sci."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2024.1267605","article-title":"Diverging sub-fields in functional ecology","volume":"12","author":"Viliani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1093\/jexbot\/52.360.1527","article-title":"Hydraulic vulnerability, vessel refilling, and seasonal courses of stem water potential of Sorbus aucuparia L. and Sambucus nigra L","volume":"52","author":"Vogt","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2015.01016","article-title":"Assessing conifer ray parenchyma for ecological studies: Pitfalls and guidelines","volume":"6","author":"von Arx","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1163\/22941932-00000035","article-title":"Quantifying plasticity in vessel grouping - Added value from the image analysis tool ROXAS","volume":"34","author":"von Arx","year":"2013","journal-title":"IAWA J."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2041-210X.2012.00190.x","article-title":"Mvabund- an R package for model-based analysis of multivariate abundance data","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1010184","article-title":"AC-PCoA: Adjustment for confounding factors using principal coordinate analysis","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"PloS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2745.13873","article-title":"Leaf morphological traits as adaptations to multiple climate gradients","volume":"110","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ecol."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12280","article-title":"CATS regression - a model- based approach to studying trait-based community assembly","volume":"6","author":"Warton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.17590","article-title":"An integrated framework of plant form and function: the belowground perspective","volume":"232","author":"Weigelt","year":"2021","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4","volume-title":"ggplot2: elegant graphics for data analysis","author":"Wickham","year":"2016"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315370279","volume-title":"Generalized additive models: An introduction with R","author":"Wood","year":"2017"},{"key":"B130","unstructured":"Wood\n              S. N.\n            \n          \n          Vienna, Austria\n          R Foundation for Statistical Computing\n          mgcv: Mixed GAM computation vehicle with automatic smoothness estimation\n          \n          2023"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wright\n              I. J.\n            \n            \n              Dong\n              N.\n            \n            \n              Maire\n              V.\n            \n            \n              Prentice\n              I. C.\n            \n            \n              Westoby\n              M.\n            \n            \n              D\u00edaz\n              S.\n            \n          \n          Global climatic drivers of leaf size Downloaded from\n          \n          2017","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aal4760"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2745.14313","article-title":"Plant traits, microclimate temperature and humidity: A research agenda for advancing nature-based solutions to a warming and drying climate","volume":"112","author":"Wright","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ecol."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.680379","article-title":"Differing trade-off patterns of tree vegetative organs in a tropical cloud forest","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-024-05103-7","article-title":"Climate of origin shapes variations in wood anatomical properties of 17 Picea species","volume":"24","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Plant Biol."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1007\/s42729-024-02141-w","article-title":"Plant adaptation to drought stress: The role of anatomical and morphological characteristics in maintaining the water status","volume":"24","author":"Zahedi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.14624","article-title":"Functional traits and ecological niches as correlates of the interspecific growth\u2013mortality trade-off among seedlings of 14 tropical tree species","volume":"38","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-45972-1","volume-title":"Analysing ecological data","author":"Zuur","year":"2007"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Plant Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpls.2025.1555607\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T16:52:35Z","timestamp":1749055955000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpls.2025.1555607\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]},"references-count":137,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpls.2025.1555607"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpls.2025.1555607","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-462X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-462X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]},"article-number":"1555607"}}