{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T11:20:12Z","timestamp":1774264812215,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004442","name":"Narodowym Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019\/35\/B\/NZ2\/00382"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/35\/B\/NZ2\/00382"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004442","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Brassinosteroids (BRs) are steroid phytohormones which regulate various physiological and developmental processes throughout plant life cycle. The BR biosynthesis has been studied mainly in the dicot model species - <jats:italic>Arabidopsis thaliana.<\/jats:italic> However, our current understanding of the BR biosynthesis and its regulation in other species, including cereal crops, is limited. Functions of enzymes which catalyze early stages of the BR biosynthesis in cereals remain poorly understood. Moreover, mechanisms regulating expression of genes encoding these enzymes remain obscure. One of the genes which participate in the early stages of the BR biosynthesis in Arabidopsis is <jats:italic>STE1<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>STEROL DESATURASE1<\/jats:italic>). However, detailed functional analyses of this gene and its promoter region have not been performed. The aim of this study was to identify and functionally analyze the <jats:italic>STE1<\/jats:italic> gene in barley (<jats:italic>Hordeum vulgare<\/jats:italic>) which is an important cereal crop. The functional analysis was carried out with the application of TILLING (Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes) approach. Six mutations were identified within the 1st exon (including three located in the 5\u2019UTR region) and one missense mutation was identified in the 2nd exon of <jats:italic>HvSTE1.<\/jats:italic> Effects of the identified alleles on the <jats:italic>HvSTE1<\/jats:italic> gene expression, sequence of the encoded enzyme variants, BR accumulation, as well as on stature, agronomic traits, and reproduction of the identified mutants were characterized. Homozygous mutants carrying two alleles (<jats:italic>hvste1.b<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>hvste1.o<\/jats:italic>) displayed reduced plant height and defects in the BR accumulation. The <jats:italic>HvSTE1<\/jats:italic> expression was considerably decreased in the 3rd internode of the <jats:italic>hvste1.b<\/jats:italic> mutant. Interestingly, the <jats:italic>hvste1.b<\/jats:italic> mutant plants showed semi-dwarf phenotype without any negative effect on crucial agronomic traits, such as tiller number, spike length, and grain weight. Moreover, weight of grains produced by the <jats:italic>hvste1.b<\/jats:italic> mutant was slightly (5%) higher when compared with the reference cultivar. The results of this study provided a novel insight into the function of the <jats:italic>HvSTE1<\/jats:italic> gene in the BR biosynthesis-dependent regulation of architecture and reproduction of barley. Moreover, the <jats:italic>hvste1.b<\/jats:italic> allele allows for achieving a balance between the favorable alteration in plant architecture (semi-dwarfism) and maintenance (slight improvement) of grain weight in this species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2025.1571368","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T09:32:12Z","timestamp":1746523932000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["STay tunEd: mutational analysis of the HvSTE1 gene in barley provides insight into the balance between semi-dwarfism and maintenance of grain size in brassinosteroid biosynthesis-dependent manner"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Karolina","family":"Zolkiewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"Oklestkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beata","family":"Chmielewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Damian","family":"Gruszka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2023.07.005","article-title":"CRISPR\/Cas9 boosts wheat yield by reducing brassinosteroid signaling","volume":"48","author":"Ahmar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2023.10.010","article-title":"Mutual dependence of brassinosteroid homeostasis and plasmodesmata permeability","volume":"29","author":"Ahmar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Plant Sci."},{"key":"B3","volume-title":"gridExtra: miscellaneous functions for \u201cGrid\u201d Graphics","author":"Auguie","year":"2022"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W202","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkp335","article-title":"MEME Suite: Tools for motif discovery and searching","volume":"37","author":"Bailey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2020.01034","article-title":"Comprehensive overview of the brassinosteroid biosynthesis pathways: substrates, products, inhibitors, and connections","volume":"11","author":"Bajguz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2633","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.16.00399","article-title":"Nana plant2 encodes a maize ortholog of the arabidopsis brassinosteroid biosynthesis gene DWARF1, identifying developmental interactions between brassinosteroids and gibberellins","volume":"171","author":"Best","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1007\/s004250000466","article-title":"Brassinosteroids, microtubules and cell elongation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Molecular, cellular and physiological characterization of the Arabidopsis bul1 mutant, defective in the \u03947-sterol-C5-desaturation step leading to brassinosteroid biosynthesis","volume":"212","author":"Catterou","year":"2001","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036918","article-title":"Evaluation of candidate reference genes for gene expression normalization in Brassica juncea using real time quantitative RT-PCR","volume":"7","author":"Chandna","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molp.2020.06.009","article-title":"TBtools: an integrative toolkit developed for interactive analyses of big biological data","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Plant"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.11.2.207","article-title":"The Arabidopsis dwf7\/ste1 mutant is defective in the \u03947 sterol C-5 desaturation step leading to brassinosteroid biosynthesis","volume":"11","author":"Choe","year":"1999","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.103.026195","article-title":"A semidwarf phenotype of barley uzu results from a nucleotide substitution in the gene encoding a putative brassinosteroid receptor","volume":"133","author":"Chono","year":"2003","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1080\/07352689.2013.797856","article-title":"The regulation of brassinosteroid biosynthesis in Arabidopsis","volume":"32","author":"Chung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.arplant.49.1.427","article-title":"Brassinosteroids: essential regulators of plant growth and development","volume":"49","author":"Clouse","year":"1998","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1912","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.114.250738","article-title":"Induced variations in brassinosteroid genes define barley height and sturdiness, and expand the green revolution genetic toolkit","volume":"166","author":"Dockter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3499","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/eru521","article-title":"Improving barley culm robustness for secured crop yield in a changing climate","volume":"66","author":"Dockter","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2006.02804.x","article-title":"A brassinolide-suppressed rice MADS-box transcription factor, OsMDP1, has a negative regulatory role in BR signaling","volume":"47","author":"Duan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s11032-019-1078-0","article-title":"Molecular, cellular and Ying-Yang regulation of grain size and number in rice","volume":"39","author":"Fan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Breed."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.arplant.54.031902.134921","article-title":"Biosynthesis and metabolism of brassinosteroids","volume":"54","author":"Fujioka","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Plant Biol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1038\/281216a0","article-title":"Brassinolide, a plant growth-promoting steroid isolated from Brassica napus pollen","volume":"281","author":"Grove","year":"1979","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-6058-9_8","article-title":"Genetic and molecular bases of brassinosteroid metabolism and interactions with other phytohormones","volume-title":"Brassinosteroids: Plant Growth and Development","author":"Gruszka","year":"2019"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17040600","article-title":"A reverse-genetics mutational analysis of the barley HvDWARF gene results in identification of a series of alleles and mutants with short stature of various degree and disturbance in BR biosynthesis allowing a new insight into the process","volume":"17","author":"Gruszka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2016.01824","article-title":"Barley brassinosteroid mutants provide an insight into phytohormonal homeostasis in plant reaction to drought stress","volume":"7","author":"Gruszka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s10725-011-9607-9","article-title":"Identification of barley DWARF gene involved in brassinosteroid synthesis","volume":"65","author":"Gruszka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plant Growth Regul."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19814","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1108359108","article-title":"Brassinosteroid control of sex determination in maize","volume":"108","author":"Hartwig","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2243","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.105.030973","article-title":"The rice brassinosteroid-deficient dwarf2 mutant, defective in the rice homolog of Arabidopsis DIMINUTO\/DWARF1, is rescued by the endogenously accumulated alternative bioactive brassinosteroid, dolichosterone","volume":"17","author":"Hong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-313X.2002.01438.x","article-title":"Loss-of-function of a rice brassinosteroid biosynthetic enzyme, C-6 oxidase, prevents the organized arrangement and polar elongation of cells in the leaves and stem","volume":"32","author":"Hong","year":"2002","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-022-03939-7","article-title":"Natural variation of the BRD2 allele affects plant height and grain size in rice","volume":"256","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006113919172","article-title":"\u03947- sterol C-5 desaturase: molecular characterization and functional expression of wild-type and mutant alleles","volume":"39","author":"Husselstein","year":"1999","journal-title":"Plant Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1007\/s00344-017-9732-4","article-title":"Analysis of brassinosteroids in plants","volume":"36","author":"Kanwar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Plant Growth Regul."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2008.03406.x","article-title":"Rice SVP-group MADS-box proteins, OsMADS22 and OsMADS55, are negative regulators of brassinosteroid responses","volume":"54","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-018-1577-x","article-title":"Panicle Morphology Mutant 1 (PMM1) determines the inflorescence architecture of rice by controlling brassinosteroid biosynthesis","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Plant Biol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2003.09.012","article-title":"Importance of plant sterols in pattern formation and hormone signaling","volume":"8","author":"Lindsey","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Plant Sci."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.1007\/s00299-007-0418-4","article-title":"Expression and functional analysis of ZmDWF4, an ortholog of Arabidopsis DWF4 from maize (Zea mays L.)","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Plant Cell Rep."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030798","article-title":"Brd1 gene in maize encodes a brassinosteroid C-6 oxidase","volume":"7","author":"Makarevitch","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-021-00872-4","article-title":"EORNA, a barley gene and transcript abundance database","volume":"8","author":"Milne","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1038\/2251065a0","article-title":"Brassins \u2013 a new family of plant hormones from rape pollen","volume":"225","author":"Mitchell","year":"1970","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.007179","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of a rice dwarf mutant with a defect in brassinosteroid biosynthesis","volume":"130","author":"Mori","year":"2002","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.19.00335","article-title":"Brassinosteroids: multidimensional regulators of plant growth, development, and stress responses","volume":"32","author":"Nolan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3167","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.03167","article-title":"Visualizations with statistical details: The \u2018ggstatsplot\u2019 approach","volume":"6","author":"Patil","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Open Source Software"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.v30.1","article-title":"UCSF ChimeraX: Structure visualization for researchers, educators, and developers","volume":"30","author":"Pettersen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Protein Sci."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1007\/s11738-012-0967-1","article-title":"Internal standards for quantative RT-PCR studies of gene expression under drought treatment in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.): effects of developmental stage and leaf age","volume":"34","author":"Rapacz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Physiologiae Plantarum"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2006.07.004","article-title":"Evolutionary aspects of the trade-off between seed size and number in crops","volume":"100","author":"Sadras","year":"2007","journal-title":"Field Crops Res."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1173","article-title":"Erect leaves caused by brassinosteroid deficiency increase biomass production and grain yield in rice","volume":"24","author":"Sakamoto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2012.07.011","article-title":"Rice CYP90D2 and CYP90D3 catalyze C-23 hydroxylation of brassinosteroids in vitro","volume":"58","author":"Sakamoto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2008.73","article-title":"Analyzing real-time PCR data by the comparative CT method","volume":"3","author":"Schmittgen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.126.2.770","article-title":"Brassinosteroid-6-oxidases from Arabidopsis and tomato catalyze multiple C-6 oxidations in brassinosteroid biosynthesis","volume":"126","author":"Shimada","year":"2001","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1038\/msb.2011.75","article-title":"Fast, scalable generation of high-quality protein multiple sequence alignments using Clustal Omega","volume":"7","author":"Sievers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Syst. Biol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06023-6","article-title":"Reducing brassinosteroid signalling enhances grain yield in semi-dwarf wheat","volume":"617","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2021.01.031","article-title":"The brassinosteroid biosynthesis gene, ZmD11, increases seed size and quality in rice and maize","volume":"160","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erm098","article-title":"Brassinosteroid transport","volume":"59","author":"Symons","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2023.1213188","article-title":"Plant dehydrins and dehydrin-like proteins: characterization and participation in abiotic stress response","volume":"14","author":"Szlachtowska","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2018.00216","article-title":"HorTILLUS \u2014 A rich and renewable source of induced mutations for forward\/reverse genetics and pre-breeding programs in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)","volume":"9","author":"Szurman-Zubrzycka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.104.024950","article-title":"A novel cytochrome P450 is implicated in brassinosteroid biosynthesis via the characterization of a rice dwarf mutant, dwarf11, with reduced seed length","volume":"17","author":"Tanabe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2004.05.012","article-title":"Functional analysis of ZmDWF1, a maize homolog of the Arabidopsis brassinosteroids biosynthetic DWF1\/DIM gene","volume":"167","author":"Tao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1021\/bi991467t","article-title":"Role of highly conserved residues in the reaction catalyzed by recombinant \u03947-Sterol-C5(6)-Desaturase studied by site-directed mutagenesis","volume":"39","author":"Taton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2018.08.007","article-title":"Functional specificities of brassinosteroid and potential utilization for crop improvement","volume":"23","author":"Tong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Plant Sci."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.111.094912","article-title":"Boosting crop yields with plant steroids","volume":"24","author":"Vriet","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2018.01.005","article-title":"BRexit: possible brassinosteroid export and transport routes","volume":"23","author":"Vukasinovic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Plant Sci."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1038\/s41589-023-01346-x","article-title":"Plasmodesmata mediate cell-to-cell transport of brassinosteroid hormones","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4","volume-title":"ggplot2: elegant graphics for data analysis","author":"Wickham","year":"2016"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1111\/pbi.2016.14.issue-1","article-title":"CLUSTERED PRIMARY BRANCH 1, a new allele of DWARF11, controls panicle architecture and seed size in rice","volume":"14","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plant Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2907","DOI":"10.1007\/s00122-022-04158-0","article-title":"The brassinosteroid biosynthesis gene TaD11-2A controls grain size and its elite haplotype improves wheat grain yields","volume":"135","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Genet."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2023.09.005","article-title":"Leveraging brassinosteroids towards the next Green Revolution","volume":"29","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Plant Sci."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D996","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab1007","article-title":"Ensembl Genomes 2022: an expanding genome resource for non-vertebrates","volume":"50","author":"Yates","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adj4591","article-title":"Structure and function of the Arabidopsis ABC transporter ABCB19 in brassinosteroid export","volume":"383","author":"Ying","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xplc.2024.100982","article-title":"Brassinosteroid biosynthesis and signaling: conserved and diversified functions of core genes across multiple plant species","volume":"5","author":"Zebosi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plant Commun."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2022.111482","article-title":"OsCPD1 and OsCPD2 are functional brassinosteroid biosynthesis genes in rice","volume":"325","author":"Zhan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adk8838","article-title":"Enhancing rice panicle branching and grain yield through tissue-specific brassinosteroid inhibition","volume":"383","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s12284-017-0171-4","article-title":"GNS4, a novel allele of DWARF11, regulates grain number and grain size in a high-yield rice variety","volume":"10","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rice"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Plant Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpls.2025.1571368\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T09:32:14Z","timestamp":1746523934000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpls.2025.1571368\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]},"references-count":69,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpls.2025.1571368"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpls.2025.1571368","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-462X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-462X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]},"article-number":"1571368"}}