{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T17:05:36Z","timestamp":1793639136677,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747094400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Understanding the relationship between microbial inoculants and straw decomposition is crucial for achieving a high soybean yield in northern China\u2019s cold region. This study investigated the effects of different microbial inoculants on nutrient release characteristics and extracellular enzyme activities. A pot experiment was conducted over two growing seasons (2023 and 2024) using the soybean (<jats:italic>Glycine<\/jats:italic> max L. Merrill) cultivar Nongqing 28, the saline-alkali soil as the test soil, and corn straw as the test straw. The microbial inoculants tested were <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic> sp. <jats:italic>ND1<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic> sp. <jats:italic>ND2<\/jats:italic>. The following treatments were employed: straw with no microbial agent application (CK), straw with <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic> sp. <jats:italic>ND1<\/jats:italic> application (T1), straw with <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic> sp. <jats:italic>ND2<\/jats:italic> application (T2), and straw with a 1:1 application of Bacillus sp. <jats:italic>ND1<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic> sp. <jats:italic>ND2<\/jats:italic> compound bacteria (T3).The two-year results showed that the T1, T2, and T3 treatments significantly increased the rate of straw decomposition, reduced the lignocellulose content, and progressively released nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium from the straw compared to the CK. During both years, the T3 treatment exhibited the highest straw decomposition rate and enzyme activity at R2(Full Bloom period), R4(Full Pod period), R6(Full Seed period) and R8(Full Maturity period) periods, which ultimately increased soybean yield by 24.00%-28.00% (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt;0.05). These findings indicate that microbial inoculants have significant potential for application in straw management and provide an important basis for optimizing straw return and crop yield. In summary, T3 treatment can accelerate straw decomposition and nutrient release rates, increase soybean yield, and provide a theoretical basis for optimizing the straw decomposition effect and rational utilization of organic resources by promoting the activity of extracellular enzymes and the degradation of straw cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2025.1572868","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T05:30:33Z","timestamp":1747114233000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effects of rot-promoting bacteria on decomposition characteristics of corn straw and spring soybean yield in Saline-alkali Land"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yuqing","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingcong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siyan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiwen","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiqing","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2017.04.100","article-title":"New insight with the effects of Biochar Amendment on bacterial diversity as indicators of biomarkers support the thermophilic phase during sewage sludge composting","volume":"238","author":"Awasthi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioresour.Technol."},{"key":"B2","volume-title":"Soil agrochemical analysis","author":"Bao","year":"2000"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enzmictec.2025.110609","article-title":"Processivity and enzymatic mechanism of a non-modular family 5 endoglucanase from Sporocytophaga sp. CX11 with potential applications in cellulose saccharification","volume":"185","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Enzyme Microbial Technol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2024.107941","article-title":"Strategies for crop straw management in China\u2019s major grain regions: Yield-driven conditions and factors influencing the effectiveness of straw return","volume":"212","author":"Cheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Resour.Conserv. Recycl"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1674-5906.2010.10.040","article-title":"Study on the environmental benefits of straw biochar land use","volume":"19","author":"Hua","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Ecol. Environ."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.014","article-title":"Current status and environment impact of direct straw return in China\u2019s cropland \u2013 A Review","volume":"159","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy14040698","article-title":"The fate and challenges of the main nutrients in returned straw: A basic review","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.3390\/fermentation10050230","article-title":"Functional study of different Lignocellulases from Trichoderma guizhouence NJAU4742 in the synergistic degradation of natural straw","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fermentation"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2025.159283","article-title":"Dual role of multistage inoculation in manipulating bacterial community assembly patterns to improve degradation of lignocellulose during rice or corn straw composting","volume":"505","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2025.132068","article-title":"Synthetic microbial community enhances lignocellulose degradation during composting by assembling fungal communities","volume":"419","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioresource Technol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.02.028","article-title":"Effects of straw incorporation along with microbial inoculant on methane and nitrous oxide emissions from Rice Fields","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1128\/mmbr.66.3.506-577.2002","article-title":"Microbial cellulose utilization: Fundamentals and Biotechnology","volume":"66","author":"Lynd","year":"2002","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40710-024-00738-y","article-title":"Enhancing anaerobic degradation of corn stover residues and biogas production via rumen microorganisms","volume":"11","author":"Makri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Processes"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e41651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e41651","article-title":"Impact of straw returning on soil ecology and crop yield: A review","volume":"11","author":"Ninkuu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.11674\/zwyf.17430","article-title":"Organic fertilizer resources and utilization in China","volume":"23","author":"Niu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Plant Nutr."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s43621-024-00543","article-title":"Lignocellulosic biomass: Insights into enzymatic hydrolysis, influential factors, and economic viability","volume":"5","author":"Priyanka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Discov. Sustain."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016541114786","article-title":"Allocation of extracellular enzymatic activity in relation to litter composition, N deposition, and mass loss","volume":"60","author":"Sinsabaugh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biogeochemistry"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.16742\/j.zgcdxb.20230274","article-title":"Research status and prospect of crop straw returning to the field","volume":"46","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Grassl. China."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2016.12.039","article-title":"Effect of inoculation with white-rot bacteria and fungal consortium on the composting efficiency of municipal solid waste","volume":"61","author":"Voberkova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Waste Manage."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.13343\/j.cnki.wsxb.2010.07.002","article-title":"Screening and degradation effect of three high-efficiency straw cellulose-degrading bacteria","volume":"50","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Cardiol. Sin."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy15030651","article-title":"Experimental study on straw rotting and returning mode in the cold region of Northeast China","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2110","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6b05667","article-title":"). Identification of an \u03b1-(1,4)-glucan-synthesizing amylosucrase from cellulomonas carboniz T26.J","volume":"65","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.11869\/hnxb.2012.09.1317","article-title":"Haracteristics of soil microbial and organic carbon components under the application of chemical fertilizer and stalk fungus agent in rice straw","volume":"26","author":"Wei","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2025.161048","article-title":"Strategies for efficient degradation of lignocellulose from straw: Synergistic effects of acid-base pretreatment and functional microbial agents in composting","volume":"508","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.11838\/sfsc.1673-6257.22526","article-title":"Response of straw decomposition and nutrient release characteristics to the dosage of decaying agent","author":"Xiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Soil Fert. Sci. China."},{"key":"B26","volume-title":"Feed analysis and feed quality testing technology","author":"Yang","year":"1993"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2070","DOI":"10.11674\/zwyf.20264","article-title":"Effects of different decay-promoting bacteria on decomposition and extracellular enzyme activities in rice straw under field conditions","volume":"26","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Nutr. Fertilizer"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.11674\/zwyf.20181","article-title":"Decomposition characteristics of wheat straw and its nutrient release and structural changes in fluvial soil under different nitrogen application rates","volume":"26","author":"Zeng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Nutr. Fertilizer."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2412","DOI":"10.3864\/j.issn.0578-1752.2012.12.009","article-title":"Effects of different additives on the decomposition of rice straw","volume":"45","author":"Zhai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.11838\/sfsc.20180109","article-title":"Effects of straw returning combined with decaying agent on rice yield and potassium use efficiency","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soil Fert. Sci. China."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.13560\/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2022-0100","article-title":"Screening of corn straw decomposition strains and their ability to promote decay in yellow brown soil","volume":"38","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bull."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.11869\/j.issn.100-8551.2018.11.2274","article-title":"Overview of straw decomposition and nutrient release characteristics of returned crops","volume":"32","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2024.131545","article-title":"Microbial inoculation accelerates rice straw decomposition by reshaping structure and function of lignocellulose-degrading microbial consortia in Paddy Fields","volume":"413","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2017.06.022","article-title":"Effect of thermo-tolerant actinomycetes inoculation on cellulose degradation and the formation of humic substances during composting","volume":"68","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Waste Manage."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Plant Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpls.2025.1572868\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T05:30:45Z","timestamp":1747114245000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpls.2025.1572868\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]]},"references-count":34,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpls.2025.1572868"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpls.2025.1572868","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-462X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-462X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]]},"article-number":"1572868"}}