{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:05:43Z","timestamp":1792789543481,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"\n Introduction<\/jats:title>\n \n Global warming has made heat stress a major constraint on grapevine growth and grape production. This study aimed to evaluate the heat tolerance of three prevalent trellis systems\u2014V-shaped (VT), upward-trained pendulous (U-PT), and H-shaped (HT)\u2014for\n Vitis labruscana<\/jats:italic>\n \u00d7\n V. vinifera<\/jats:italic>\n \u2018Shine Muscat\u2019. We specifically tested the hypothesis that U-PT enhances heat tolerance by optimizing canopy structure to mitigate high-temperature stress, thereby alleviating its negative impacts on stomatal function, chloroplast integrity, and photosynthetic performance.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n Under summer rain-shelter cultivation, the three trellis systems were\u00a0compared using five-year-old \u2018Shine Muscat\u2019 grapevines based on canopy temperature, relative humidity, leaf sunburn, chlorophyll content, stomatal morphology, chloroplast ultrastructure, leaf gas exchange, and chlorophyll fluorescence.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Under prolonged heat stress, stomatal aperture dimensions and aperture ratio decreased (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n &lt; 0.05) without significant changes in stomatal density (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n &gt; 0.05). Chloroplasts displayed volumetric expansion and substantial lipid droplet accumulation, with particularly pronounced chloroplast envelope disintegration in HT. From Day 3 to Day 15 of prolonged high-temperature stress, net photosynthetic rate (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n n<\/jats:sub>\n ), stomatal conductance (\n g<\/jats:italic>\n s<\/jats:sub>\n ), transpiration rate (\n T<\/jats:italic>\n r<\/jats:sub>\n ), intercellular CO\u2082 concentration (\n C<\/jats:italic>\n i<\/jats:sub>\n ), chlorophyll content, and photochemical quenching coefficient (\n qP<\/jats:italic>\n ) initially increased, peaking on Day 3 or Day 6, then progressively declined. Maximum energy conversion efficiency (\n F<\/jats:italic>\n v<\/jats:sub>\n \/\n F<\/jats:italic>\n m<\/jats:sub>\n ), actual photochemical efficiency (\n \u03a6<\/jats:italic>\n PSII<\/jats:sub>\n ) and non-photochemical quenching coefficient (\n NPQ<\/jats:italic>\n ) remained stable on Day 3. Subsequently,\n F<\/jats:italic>\n v<\/jats:sub>\n \/\n F<\/jats:italic>\n m<\/jats:sub>\n and\n \u03a6<\/jats:italic>\n PSII<\/jats:sub>\n gradually decreased, while\n NPQ<\/jats:italic>\n gradually increased. Comparative analysis revealed U-PT maintained the lowest intensity and shortest duration of high canopy temperatures along with higher canopy relative humidity, exhibited the minimal leaf sunburn damage index, and sustained the highest stomatal aperture,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n n<\/jats:sub>\n ,\n F<\/jats:italic>\n v<\/jats:sub>\n \/\n F<\/jats:italic>\n m<\/jats:sub>\n ,\n \u03a6<\/jats:italic>\n PSII<\/jats:sub>\n ,\n qP<\/jats:italic>\n , and chlorophyll content, and most stable chloroplast structure, whereas HT performed poorest. The principal component analysis (PCA) confirmed U-PT as the most heat-tolerant trellis system.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Discussion<\/jats:title>\n These findings could provide insights into the responses and adaptions of grapevines to heat stress and aid in the optimization of heat-tolerant trellis systems under everchanging climatic conditions.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2025.1648999","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T14:51:45Z","timestamp":1770216705000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Trellis systems ameliorate heat damage by regulating canopy temperature, photosynthetic efficiency and leaf microstructure of grapevine"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ling","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Horticulture, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Chengdu, China"]},{"name":"College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinya","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Horticulture, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiulan","family":"Lyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Horticulture, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yijun","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Horticulture, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Chengdu, China"]},{"name":"Sichuan Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ran","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Horticulture, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Chengdu, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Creation in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Horticulture, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Chengdu, China"]},{"name":"Sichuan Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10050904","article-title":"Heat unit requirements of \u201cFlame Seedless\u201d table grape: a tool to predict its harvest period in protected cultivation","volume":"10","author":"Alonso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-022-03848-9","article-title":"More than just lipid balls: quantitative analysis of plastoglobule attributes and their stress-related responses","volume":"255","author":"Arzac","year":"2022","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7334\/psicothema2016.383","article-title":"Non-normal data: Is ANOVA still a valid option","volume":"5","author":"Blanca","year":"2017","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2023.1227286","article-title":"Effects of elevated CO2 concentration and experimental warming on morphological, physiological, and biochemical responses of winter wheat under soil water deficiency","volume":"14","author":"Chang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. 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