{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T01:42:05Z","timestamp":1789609325098,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762732800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004829","name":"Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004829","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018927","name":"Southwest Minzu University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018927","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Accurate plots distribution mapping of the renowned Chinese medicinal plant,\n                      <jats:italic>Ligusticum chuanxiong<\/jats:italic>\n                      Hort. (LC) is crucial for its field management and yield estimation. However, due to the high fragmentation of LC cultivation plots, accurate classification using UAV-based RGB remote sensing images is challenging.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study utilized unmanned aerial vehicle RGB images to investigate the high-precision extraction of LC cultivation plots based on feature variable combinations across four representative sites: Site 1 (S1, traditional LC cultivation area in Dujiangyan City), Site 2 (S2, concentrated LC plots in Dujiangyan City), Site 3 (S3, traditional LC cultivation area in Pengzhou City), and Site 4 (S4, newly-developed LC cultivation area in Mianzhu City). Initially, appropriate color indices, texture features, color spaces, and digital elevation models were extracted from RGB images to form feature variable combinations. Subsequently, pixel-based classification and object-oriented classification methods were employed to construct LC cultivation plot extraction models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results showed that compared with classification results based on RGB images, the object-oriented classification method (k-nearest neighbor, KNN) based on feature variable combinations showed the highest overall classification accuracy and Kappa coefficient. The average Kappa coefficients for the classification of S1, S2, S3, and S4 were 0.86, 0.94, 0.93, and 0.90, respectively, while the overall accuracy rates were 89.16%, 95.72%, 94.55%, and 92.25%, respectively. The F1 scores averaged 99.62%, 98.11%, 96.11%, and 97.75%, respectively. Across all four sites, the mean Kappa coefficient, overall accuracy, and F1 score were 0.92, 92.92%, and 97.90%, respectively, showing an increase of 0.14, 14.17%, and 4.9% compared to the RGB images.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results indicate that the feature variable combination constructed based on UAV-based RGB remote sensing images can enhance the extraction accuracy of LC\u2019s cultivation plots without incurring additional data acquisition costs. The research findings can provide theoretical and technical references for remote sensing measurement of similar medicinal plant cultivation varieties.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2025.1659442","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T06:30:11Z","timestamp":1762756211000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Extracting Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. cultivation plots based on feature variable combinations constructed from UAV-based RGB images"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Shihong","family":"Zhong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guihua","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenghui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2010.01.009","article-title":"Per-pixel and object-oriented classification methods for mapping urban features using Ikonos satellite data","volume":"30","author":"Bhaskaran","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. 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