{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:45:42Z","timestamp":1792788342986,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001503","name":"Indian Council of Agricultural Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12-258 TG3361, NASF\/MA-9014\/2022-23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12-258 TG3361, NASF\/MA-9014\/2022-23"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001503","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Pearl millet flour is highly nutritious but prone to rancidity, leading to off-odor development and reduced shelf life. To understand the molecular basis of this phenomenon, we performed\n                    <jats:italic>de novo<\/jats:italic>\n                    transcriptome sequencing on diverse pearl millet genotypes (landraces, hybrids, and composites) and identified 219,965 genes and 386,184 transcripts with functional annotation revealing key pathways linked to lipid and starch degradation. Differential gene expression (DGE) analysis identified significant upregulation of rancidity-linked genes [lipases (LIPs), lipoxygenases (LOXs), peroxidases (POXs), and polyphenol oxidases (PPOs)] in high-rancid genotypes. Data mining for characterizing rancid pathway showed the presence of 2,038\n                    <jats:italic>LIP<\/jats:italic>\n                    , 209\n                    <jats:italic>Lox<\/jats:italic>\n                    , 26 hydroperoxide lyase (\n                    <jats:italic>HPL<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), 1,023\n                    <jats:italic>POX<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and 17\n                    <jats:italic>PPO<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes. Tissue-specific expression analysis of variants of\n                    <jats:italic>Lip<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Lox<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Pox<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>PPO<\/jats:italic>\n                    during the different sub-stages of endosperm development showed an abundance of transcripts of\n                    <jats:italic>Lip-2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>LOX-3<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>POX-4<\/jats:italic>\n                    during the seed hardening stage. Enzymatic assays confirmed increased LIP (up to 200.5 \u00b5mol h\n                    <jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>\n                    g\n                    <jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), LOX (184 nM HPOD min\n                    <jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>\n                    mg\n                    <jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), POX, and PPO activities in stored flour, correlating with rancidity progression. Notably, landraces exhibited lower expression of rancidity-linked genes compared to hybrids and composites, suggesting genetic variability in flour shelf life stability. Our study provides the first comprehensive transcriptomic resource for pearl millet rancidity, identifying candidate genes and enzymatic markers for future breeding programs aimed at improving flour storage quality.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2025.1677082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T12:05:21Z","timestamp":1763381121000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["When genes turn traitor: de novo transcriptomics uncovers pearl millet\u2019s rancidity machinery"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ranjeet R.","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suneha","family":"Goswami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vinutha","family":"Thimmegowda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nitin","family":"Singhal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulaganathan","family":"Mabalirajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gyan P.","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Girish K.","family":"Jha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gyanendra K.","family":"Rai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shelly","family":"Praveen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chellapilla","family":"Tara Satyavathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.962667","article-title":"Loss-of-function of triacylglycerol lipases are associated with low flour rancidity in pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) 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