{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T00:59:00Z","timestamp":1782521940832,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007847","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20230101187JC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20230101187JC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007847","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This study overcomes the limitations of traditional single-spectroscopy techniques by constructing an intelligent discrimination system for rice geographic origin that integrates mid-infrared (MIR) and fluorescence (FLU) spectral feature fusion with machine learning. Using the \u201cZhongke Fa 5\u201d rice variety from eight major production regions in Jilin Province, China, as the research object, spectral data were acquired using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and fluorescence spectrometers. A \u201cNormalization-Smoothing-Multiplicative Scatter Correction\u201d preprocessing framework was proposed, significantly enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio and separability of the spectral features. The complementary characteristics of the multispectral data were elucidated: MIR spectra (500\u20133750 cm\n                    <jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) accurately represented molecular vibration features of key components such as starch, protein, and lipids, while FLU spectra (450\u2013850 nm) effectively captured the fluorescence characteristics of phenolic compounds and protein-pigment complexes. The successive projections algorithm (SPA) was employed to extract 286\u2013310 highly discriminative features from the original 7625-dimensional data, effectively mitigating the overfitting problem associated with high-dimensional data. The performance differences between data-level and feature-level fusion strategies were compared. The feature-level fusion model optimized by SPA demonstrated significant advantages, achieving a test set accuracy of 95.55%. Regarding algorithm performance, the logistic regression (LR) model combined with enhanced spectral features (LR-SPA) significantly outperformed support vector machine (SVM, 83.17%) and gradient boosting algorithms in terms of both precision (93.05%) and robustness. This study provides a revolutionary technical approach for agricultural product quality and safety supervision, holding substantial theoretical innovation and practical application value. As a primary goal, the abstract should render the general significance and conceptual advance of the work clearly accessible to a broad readership. References should not be cited in the abstract. Leave the Abstract empty if your article does not require one \u2013 please see the \u201cArticle types\u201d on every Frontiers journal page for full details.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2025.1679754","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T11:48:51Z","timestamp":1763552931000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Rice origin traceability using mid-infrared and fluorescence spectral data fusion"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Changming","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xun","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhong","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongchen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.3390\/s21051875","article-title":"RF-based moisture content determinationin rice using machine learning techniques","volume":"21","author":"Azmi N,\u00a0Kamarudin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel Switzerland)"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2007.05.024","article-title":"Supervised pattern recognition in food analysis, J","volume":"1158","author":"Berrueta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcs.2010.05.010","article-title":"Prediction of milled rice grades using Fourier transform near-infrared spectroscopy and artificial neural networks","volume":"52","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cereal Sci."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8032831","article-title":"Authenticity detection of black rice by near-infrared spectroscopy and support vector data description","volume":"2018","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Analytical Chem."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2017.12.030","article-title":"Determination of egg storage time at room temperature using a low-cost NIR spectrometer and machine learning techniques","volume":"145","author":"Coronel-Reyes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2005.08.004","article-title":"Studies on the granular structure of resistant starches (type 4) from normal, high amylose and waxy corn starch citrates","volume":"39","author":"Cui","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1080\/00032719.2022.2101060","article-title":"Nondestructive identification of rice varieties by the data fusion of Raman and near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopies","volume":"56","author":"Dai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Analytical Lett."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2011.07.011","article-title":"Determination of the structural changes by FT-IR,Raman,and CP\/MAS13C NMR spectroscopy on retrograded starch of maize tortillas","volume":"87","author":"Flores-Morales","year":"2012","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polymers"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2023.122394","article-title":"A mid-infrared spectroscopy-random forest system for the origin tracing of Chinese geographical indication Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata","volume":"292","author":"Gong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Spectrochimica Acta Part A"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2024.124590","article-title":"Data fusion of near-infrared and mid-infrared spectroscopy for rapid origin identification and quality evaluation of Lonicerae japonicae flos","volume":"320","author":"Hao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Spectrochimica Acta Part A"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4735","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.1c04102","article-title":"Identificationof rice seed varieties based on near-infrared hyperspectral imaging technology combined with deep learning","volume":"7","author":"Jin","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS omega"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.13995\/j.cnki.11-1802\/ts.028608","article-title":"Geographical origin discrimination of genetically modified soybeans using near-infrared spectroscopy combined with chemometrics","volume":"48","author":"Lei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Fermentation Industries"},{"key":"B13","first-page":"267","article-title":"Detection of waxed rice using visible-near infrared hyperspectral imaging","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Of Food And Nutr. Res."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2013.05.025","article-title":"Screening of seeds prepared from retrograded potato starch to increase retrogradation rate of maize starch","volume":"60","author":"Lian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromolecules"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15209","DOI":"10.1039\/D4RA00953C","article-title":"Application of PLS\u2013NN model based on mid-infrared spectroscopy in the origin identification of Cornus officinalis","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"B16","first-page":"2818","article-title":"Discrimination of rice from different geographical origins using molecular spectral information fusion","volume":"43","author":"Luan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Spectrosc. Spectral Anal."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33237","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2973665","article-title":"Quantification of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene odor intensity based on a novel odor assessment system with a sensor array","volume":"8","author":"Men","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.130154","article-title":"Evaluating low- mid- and high-level fusion strategies for combining Raman and infrared spectroscopy for quality assessment of red meat","volume":"361","author":"Robert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2017.01.014","article-title":"Eating quality evaluation of Khao Dawk Mali 105 rice using near-infrared spectroscopy","volume":"79","author":"Siriphollakul","year":"2017","journal-title":"LWT-Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.17265\/1934-7332\/2013.09.004","article-title":"Spectroscopic multicomponent analysis using multi-objective optimization for variable selection","volume":"4","author":"Soares","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Technol. Appl."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3881","DOI":"10.1007\/s11694-024-02462-5","article-title":"Rapid identificationof adulterated rice based on data fusion of near-infrared spectroscopy and machine vision","volume":"18","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Food Measurement Characterization"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2019.03.085","article-title":"Innovative and rapid analysis for rice authenticity using hand-held NIR spectrometry and chemometrics","volume":"217","author":"Teye","year":"2019","journal-title":"Spectrochimica Acta Part A"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2020.12.030","article-title":"Rapid and non-destructive determination of protein and starch content in agricultural powders usingnear-infrared and fluorescence spectroscopy, and data fusion","volume":"381","author":"Vitelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infrared.2023.104563","article-title":"Rapid detection of protein content in rice based on Raman and near-infrared spectroscopy fusion strategy combined with characteristic wavelength selection","volume":"129","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infrared Phys. Technol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adsr.202400044","article-title":"Detection strategies for volatile fragrance released from agricultural products: progress and prospects","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Advanced Sensor Res."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2018.11.016","article-title":"Application of the voltammetric electronic tongue based on nanocomposite modified electrodes for identifying rice wines of different geographical origins","volume":"1050","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Analytica Chimica Acta"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s00003-023-01471-8","article-title":"Identification of geographical origin and adulteration of Northeast China soybeans by mid-infrared spectroscopy and spectra augmentation","volume":"19","author":"Xiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Of Consumer Prot. And Food Saf."},{"key":"B28","first-page":"115","article-title":"Determination of amylose content in milled rice using mid-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy","author":"Ye","year":"2018","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Chin. Cereals Oils Assoc."},{"key":"B29","first-page":"2059","article-title":"Comparative study on methods for detecting moisture content in rice using portable near-infrared and visible spectrometers","volume":"43","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Spectrosc. Spectral Anal."},{"key":"B30","first-page":"2059","article-title":"Comparative study of methods for detecting moisture content in rice using portable near-infrared and visible spectrometers","volume":"43","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Spectrosc. Spectral Anal."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rsci.2015.09.004","article-title":"Discrimination of transgenic rice based on near infrared reflectance spectroscopy and partial least squares regression discriminant analysis","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rice Sci."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Plant Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpls.2025.1679754\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T11:48:53Z","timestamp":1763552933000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpls.2025.1679754\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]]},"references-count":31,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpls.2025.1679754"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpls.2025.1679754","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-462X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-462X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]]},"article-number":"1679754"}}