{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T06:34:49Z","timestamp":1763966089637,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Epimedium<\/jats:italic>\n                    L. is a taxonomically complex genus comprising 68 species worldwide, yet its mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) remains unexplored. The complete genomes of\n                    <jats:italic>Epimedium pubescens<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Epimedium wushanense<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Epimedium sagittatum<\/jats:italic>\n                    were assembled using Illumina and Nanopore sequencing. The\n                    <jats:italic>Epimedium<\/jats:italic>\n                    mitogenomes displayed diverse structural variation, including a single circular molecule in\n                    <jats:italic>E. sagittatum<\/jats:italic>\n                    (324,345 bp), two circular molecules in\n                    <jats:italic>E. wushanense<\/jats:italic>\n                    (281,026 and 72,800 bp), and a multipartite structure with three circular chromosomes (171,784, 76,915, and 71,519 bp) and one linear chromosome (26,149 bp) in\n                    <jats:italic>E. pubescens<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Each species contained 58 unique genes, including 36 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 19 transfer RNAs (tRNAs), three ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), and abundant repetitive elements [77\u201389 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and 169\u2013380 dispersed repeats]. A total of 642 cytidine (C)-to-uridine (U) RNA editing sites were predicted across 35\u201336 PCGs, with experimentally validated edits generating start and stop codons, revealing species-specific editing profiles. Nine mitochondrial plastid DNA (MTPT) fragments (4.4\u20137.5 kb) were identified per species, containing six to nine complete genes. Three\n                    <jats:italic>Epimedium<\/jats:italic>\n                    species and related taxa exhibited conserved mitogenome regions alongside extensive gene rearrangements and inversions. Phylogenetic analysis based on 29 conserved PCGs strongly supported a monophyletic\n                    <jats:italic>Epimedium<\/jats:italic>\n                    clade (100% bootstrap), with\n                    <jats:italic>E. sagittatum<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>E. pubescens<\/jats:italic>\n                    forming a sister group to\n                    <jats:italic>E. wushanense<\/jats:italic>\n                    . This study provides the first comprehensive view of\n                    <jats:italic>Epimedium<\/jats:italic>\n                    mitogenome architecture, RNA editing, and evolutionary relationships, enriching our understanding of its mitochondrial evolution and taxonomy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2025.1701895","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T06:29:50Z","timestamp":1763965790000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative analysis of mitochondrial genomes of Epimedium L. reveals heterogeneity in structure, synteny, intercellular gene transfer, and RNA editing"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"De","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qianqian","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zheming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhide","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhou","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.107.073312","article-title":"Comparisons among two fertile and three male-sterile mitochondrial genomes of maize","volume":"177","author":"Allen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2499","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.111.087189","article-title":"Origins and recombination of the bacterial-sized multichromosomal mitochondrial genome of cucumber","volume":"23","author":"Alverson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2583","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btx198","article-title":"MISA-web: a web server for microsatellite prediction","volume":"33","author":"Beier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/27.2.573","article-title":"Tandem repeats finder: a program to analyze DNA sequences","volume":"27","author":"Benson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9050598","article-title":"Why so complex? 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