{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T19:48:24Z","timestamp":1792007304445,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>To investigate how Yunnan's distinctive geographical and climatic conditions shape the unique metabolic profile of its cigar tobacco leaves (CTLs), and to establish a reliable method for origin traceability using machine learning, a non-targeted metabolomics analysis was conducted on 71 CTL samples collected from the Dominican Republic, Indonesia, and Yunnan, including Lincang, Pu\u2019er, and Yuxi within Yunnan. A total of 778 highly reliable metabolites were identified. Influenced by Yunnan's high altitude, large diurnal temperature variation, intense ultraviolet radiation, and relative dryness, its CTLs exhibited characteristic metabolic profiles, with significant enrichment in pathways such as flavone and flavonol biosynthesis and betalain biosynthesis. Elevated levels of polyphenols, indoles, jasmonates, carotenoids, and other compounds were linked to Yunnan CTLs' distinct woody, roasted, and astringent flavor profile. Twelve key biomarkers were selected using Multivariate methods with unbiased variable selection in R (MUVR). Machine learning algorithms\u2014including LDA, LR, GMM, KNN, and SVM\u2014were applied to these biomarkers, achieving highly accurate origin discrimination across national (Yunnan vs. Dominican Republic\/Indonesia) and regional (Lincang, Pu\u2019er, Yuxi) scales. Validation results showed a median false classification rate of 0.1 over 100 iterations and an AUC close to 1, confirming the model's high accuracy and robustness for CTLs origin traceability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2025.1703429","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T06:57:04Z","timestamp":1771397824000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Metabolomic analysis of Yunnan cigar tobacco leaves: impact of geography and climate on flavor characteristics and machine learning-based origin traceability"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yuping","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guijuan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicina Endophytes, Yunnan Minzu University","place":["Kunming, China"]},{"name":"Yunnan Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co., Ltd.","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicina Endophytes, Yunnan Minzu University","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guifeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicina Endophytes, Yunnan Minzu University","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenyuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co., Ltd.","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co., Ltd.","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhonglong","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicina Endophytes, Yunnan Minzu University","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heng","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fangchan","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaokun","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongping","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guanghai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meiwei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agronomy, Yunnan Urban Agricultural Engineering and Technological Research Center, Kunming University","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co., Ltd.","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co., Ltd.","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geodrs.2020.e00308","article-title":"Land use and management effects on volcanic soils in West Sumatra, Indonesia","volume":"22","author":"Abe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geoderma Regional"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1021\/jf00063a026","article-title":"Odor thresholds of the stereoisomers of methyl jasmonate","volume":"33","author":"Acree","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. 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