{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T11:51:56Z","timestamp":1790596316697,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The dried ripe fruit or seed of\n                      <jats:italic>Amomun tsaoko<\/jats:italic>\n                      is a widely used spice and food additive in Eastern and Southeastern Asia. Approximately 90% of the global production of this spice occurs in Yunnan province, China. Over years of cultivation, genetic variations have emerged, leading to wide regional varieties. Authenticating geographical origin has become essential for quality assessment and control, as it directly influences a product\u2019s commercial value.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study aims to authenticate the geographical origins of\n                      <jats:italic>A. tsaoko<\/jats:italic>\n                      seeds sourced from distinct and narrow geographical regions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) combined with machine learning (ML) techniques was used to determine the specific geographical origins of\n                      <jats:italic>A. tsaoko<\/jats:italic>\n                      seeds.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results demonstrated that Fourier transform Near-infrared spectroscopy (FT-NIR) followed by a multi-layer perceptron (MLP) was the optimal strategy among all methods tested. This approach achieved a high accuracy of 96.97%. Additionally, feature dimensionality reduction analysis was applied using the Catboost model. This analysis identified certain spectral ranges that contained important features for the model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study indicates that pretreatment of NIRS raw data and the use of ML are potential strategies for rapid and specific geographic authentication of plants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2025.1717851","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T06:54:06Z","timestamp":1769064846000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Geographic authentication of Amomum tsaoko seeds using fourier transform-near infrared spectroscopy combined with machine learning techniques and feature reduction analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yinggang","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Clinical Research Center for Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People\u2019s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Songping","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoran","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinwei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Clinical Research Center for Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People\u2019s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"He","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoli","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chinese Materia Medica and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Utilization, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaowen","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chinese Materia Medica and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Utilization, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengguo","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1080\/10408347.2010.515468","article-title":"A tutorial on near infrared spectroscopy and its calibration","volume":"40","author":"Agelet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit. 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