{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T16:52:22Z","timestamp":1786726342597,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Rosa rugosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    is an economically significant ornamental species with limited understanding of its molecular cold adaptation mechanisms. This study utilized transcriptome sequencing to elucidate the temporal dynamics and organ-specific regulatory mechanisms underlying cold stress (4\u00b0C) responses in the leaves and one-year-old stem of\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>rugosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Differential gene expression analysis revealed distinct organ-specific and time-dependent transcriptional reprogramming. A core set of 1,479 and 1,872 genes were consistently differentially expressed from early to late stages (4\u201324 h) in leaves and stems, respectively. Intersection analysis identified 1,550 conserved early cold-responsive genes shared between two\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>rugosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    cultivars. These genes were significantly enriched in the MAPK signaling pathway, plant hormone signal transduction, cytoskeleton-related processes, and metabolic reprogramming. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) pinpointed\n                    <jats:italic>RrCBFs<\/jats:italic>\n                    as central hubs. Genome-wide characterization identifies five\n                    <jats:italic>RrCBF<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes in\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>rugosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    as cold-inducible central regulators, universally upregulated under cold stress despite divergent cis-elements. Heterologous overexpression of\n                    <jats:italic>RrCBF1<\/jats:italic>\n                    \/\n                    <jats:italic>RrCBF5<\/jats:italic>\n                    in\n                    <jats:italic>Arabidopsis<\/jats:italic>\n                    enhanced freezing tolerance through reduced oxidative damage, improved osmoprotection, and stabilized photosystem function. Critically, transgenic lines exhibited pleiotropic developmental alterations: dwarfism, delayed flowering, and suppressed vegetative-reproductive transition, indicating trade-offs between growth and stress adaptation. Our results delineate a CBF-centric regulatory module coordinating antioxidant defense, photosynthetic protection, and developmental plasticity in\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>rugosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    cold adaptation, providing targets for cold-tolerance breeding.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2025.1732552","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T10:56:52Z","timestamp":1765364212000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Transcriptome sequencing and functional analysis reveal RrCBF genes as key regulators of cold adaptation in Rosa rugosa"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Dongliang","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengqi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yushan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leilei","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feifei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haixia","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liqiong","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.108.058941","article-title":"The cold-inducible CBF1 factor-dependent signaling pathway modulates the accumulation of the growth-repressing DELLA proteins via its effect on gibberellin metabolism","volume":"20","author":"Achard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/s1360-1385(00)01808-2","article-title":"Impacts of chilling temperatures on photosynthesis in warm-climate plants","volume":"6","author":"Allen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Plant Sci."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2010.04148.x","article-title":"Seasonal and developmental timing of flowering","volume":"61","author":"Amasino","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/tpt056","article-title":"CBF gene expression in peach leaf and bark tissues is gated by a circadian clock","volume":"33","author":"Artlip","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.12838","article-title":"ERF105 is a transcription factor gene of Arabidopsis thaliana required for freezing tolerance and cold acclimation","volume":"40","author":"Bolt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.14796","article-title":"ERF54 regulates cold tolerance in Rosa multiflora through DREB\/COR signalling pathways","volume":"47","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molp.2020.06.009","article-title":"TBtools: an integrative toolkit developed for interactive analyses of big biological data","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. 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