{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T06:25:11Z","timestamp":1787034311172,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":164,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Invasive plant species (IPS) and herbicide resistance pose a critical threat to biodiversity and food security, particularly in arid agroecosystems. Essential oils (EOs) offer a promising biodegradable alternative, yet their global efficacy and governing factors remain unquantified.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines and PROSPERO-registered protocol (ID1282253), this systematic review and meta-analysis synthesized data from 47 studies to evaluate the phytotoxic potential of IPS-derived EOs. We calculated pooled effect sizes (Hedges\u2019 g), investigated heterogeneity through meta-regression, and established structure-activity relationships.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Meta-analysis of 47 studies revealed a large, highly significant allelopathic efficacy of invasive plant-derived essential oils (EOs) on target species. Our analysis reveals a large, highly significant inhibitory effect on target species (pooled g = \u22121.85; 95% CI: \u22122.12, \u22121.58), corresponding to a mean 72.3% germination inhibition in laboratory conditions. Efficacy was significantly moderated by EO concentration and chemical class, with ketone-rich oils proving most potent (g = \u22122.34). Critically, we quantified a substantial lab-to-field efficacy gap, with field studies showing a ~32% relative decline in performance. Also demonstrated significant physiological selectivity, with dicot weeds (e.g., Brassicaceae SMD = \u22122.45) being far more sensitive than monocots (e.g., Fabaceae SMD = \u22121.23), and a promising crop safety index. These findings were robust to sensitivity analyses and controlled for publication bias.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study provides quantitative evidence supporting a more predictive framework for allelopathic research. We leverage these data to propose the Quantitative Phytotoxicity Framework (QPF), a model integrating EO chemistry, environmental factors, and biological outcomes. As a primary application, we conceptualize the Smart Bio-Defensive Barrier (SBDB), a novel, ecologically-engineered system for proactive, landscape-level weed management. This work contributes a data-driven framework for developing sustainable herbicide alternatives, providing a data-driven blueprint for the next generation of sustainable herbicides that aligns with global climate resilience (modeled under RCP 4.5\/8.5 scenarios) and circular bio-economic goals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This model leverages invasive plant species (IPS) as a bio-resource, integrating their\n                      <jats:italic>in-situ<\/jats:italic>\n                      allelopathic potential with ex-situ Nano formulated essential oils (EOs) to create dynamic protective zones. Future implementation of SBDBs requires advances in phytochemical consistency, non-target impact studies, and long-term agroecological trials.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Systematic review registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link>https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/prospero\/display_record.php?ID=CRD4201282253<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      , identifier CRD4201282253.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.1666824","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:36:27Z","timestamp":1787031387000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Invasive plant species for sustainable security and agricultural biocontrol: integrating allelopathic essential oils and defensive barriers"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Soltane","family":"Sabrine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural and Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Life Sciences and Earth Sciences, Laboratory of Genetics, Biotechnology and Valorisation of Biological Resources, Mohamed Khider University of Biskra","place":["Biskra, Algeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benmeddour","family":"Tarek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural and Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Life Sciences and Earth Sciences, Laboratory of Genetics, Biotechnology and Valorisation of Biological Resources, Mohamed Khider University of Biskra","place":["Biskra, Algeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202500623","article-title":"Chemical profiling and herbicidal potential of Amaranthus viridis essential oil: Experimental and in silico insights","volume":"22","author":"Abd-Elgawad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. 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