{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T18:14:10Z","timestamp":1793124850088,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011138","name":"AgBioResearch, Michigan State University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011138","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Plasma-activated water (PAW) has emerged as a promising eco-friendly technology and a sustainable alternative to chemical fertilizers in agriculture due to its role in plant growth, nutrition, and disease suppression. To comprehensively evaluate its effectiveness, a meta-analysis was conducted using published studies comprising diverse crops, experimental conditions, and PAW generation chemistry. Log response ratios (LnRR) and pooled estimates with 95% confidence intervals were calculated, and forest plots were generated for each response variable. Results revealed that PAW application significantly improved plant growth and pigment content (chlorophyll a, b, and c and carotenoids), along with total soluble solids (TSS), total soluble protein (TSP), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), superoxidase dismutase (SOD), and total phenolic content (TPC) supporting improved metabolic activity. Moreover, a significant reduction in disease incidence and severity under PAW application ensured enhanced plant defense responses. Plasma activation altered water chemistry by lowering pH and increasing electrical conductivity, nitrate, nitrite, H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , and oxidation\u2013reduction potential (ORP), reflecting the stable presence of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). This comprehensive meta-analysis indicates that PAW consistently improves plant growth, biochemical characteristics, yield, and disease resistance. The acidifying nature of PAW also influences soil microbial dynamics, potentially enhancing nutrient cycling and long-term soil fertility. Collectively, the findings support PAW application as a multifunctional strategy for advancing sustainable agriculture through improved plant performance. The integration of solar-powered irrigation systems with onsite PAW activation and water quality sensors demonstrates a scalable pathway for precise, resilient irrigation and nutrient delivery in agriculture.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.1754073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T04:46:34Z","timestamp":1776228394000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Global meta-analysis of plasma-activated water for improving crop establishment, productivity, and health"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Nawab","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University","place":["East Lansing, MI, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Younsuk","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University","place":["East Lansing, MI, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphy.2024.1399910","article-title":"Assessing plasma activated water irrigation effects on tomato seedlings","volume":"12","author":"Aceto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. 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