{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T16:55:46Z","timestamp":1792083346765,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The declining availability of natural pollinators and limitations of contact-based robotic pollination methods including flower damage, pathogen transmission, and reduced operational efficiency necessitate innovative solutions for protected horticulture.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Gap<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Existing robotic pollinators achieve limited success rates (\u223c 66%) primarily due to inaccurate 6D flower pose estimation, while current airflow-based systems lack precise positioning capabilities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Contribution<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study presents a novel YOLOv8-PnP hybrid framework integrating real-time object detection with 6 degree of freedom pose estimation for precision airflow based pollination. The system employs a custom-designed Air Pollenmatic end-effector integrated with a Hello Robot Stretch platform through ROS-based visual servoing control.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Validation on 2,100 annotated greenhouse images demonstrated 95.8% precision, 94.6% recall, and 97.7% mAP@0.5 at 28.5 FPS (11.1 ms inference). Field trials achieved 92.5% pollination attempt rate and 85.6% success rate, yielding 79.2% overall efficacy\u2014an 8.3 percentage point improvement over contact-based methods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Impact<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This contactless approach eliminates mechanical flower damage, reduces disease transmission risk, and advances the feasibility of fully autonomous greenhouse pollination systems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.1771732","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T06:34:00Z","timestamp":1774506840000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["YOLOv8-PnP fusion architecture for non-contact robotic pollination: a 6D pose estimation approach for autonomous greenhouse operations"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Rajmeet","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Khalifa University Center for Autonomous Robotic Systems (KUCARS), Khalifa University","place":["Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manveen","family":"Kaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Windsor","place":["Windsor, ON, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Appaso M.","family":"Gadade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology","place":["Patiala, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irfan","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Khalifa University Center for Autonomous Robotic Systems (KUCARS), Khalifa University","place":["Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1002\/rob.21937","article-title":"Development of a sweet pepper harvesting robot","volume":"37","author":"Arad","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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