{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T17:19:03Z","timestamp":1791566343524,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Rapid population growth and climate change have intensified the need for sustainable agricultural productivity. Plant leaf diseases significantly impact the crop yield, quality, and food safety, necessitating accurate and automated detection methods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study proposes a deep learning (DL)-based framework for automated detection and classification of tomato and soybean leaf diseases. The proposed framework is trained and evaluated over a large-scale datasets comprising 16,012 tomato leaf images and 6,410 soybean leaf images. Multiple convolutional neural network (CNN) models, including DenseNet121, MobileNetV2, and InceptionV3, are employed for classification. Object detection is performed using YOLOv12. To enhance interpretability, Gradient-Weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM) is integrated. Furthermore, a novel Hybrid Attention-Based Stacking Ensemble Model is developed using ResNet152V2, VGG19, and EfficientNetB0, combined with Convolution Block Attention Module (CBAM) and spatial attention mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The CNN models achieved classification accuracies of 97% for DenseNet121, 98% for MobileNetV2, and 99.94%  for InceptionV3. YOLOv12 attained a mean average precision (mAP) of 99.5%. The proposed hybrid ensemble model achieved an accuracy of 99.18%, demonstrating improved feature learning through combined channel and spatial attention. Grad-CAM visualizations confirmed that the model effectively identifies the disease-relevant regions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results indicate that the proposed framework has attained a  high accuracy, robustness,  and interpretability for plant disease detection. The integration of attention mechanisms and explainable AI enhances model reliability and transparency. This framework shows a strong potential for the real-time agricultural monitoring, although further validation across diverse crops and real-world field conditions is required.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.1790903","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T05:36:21Z","timestamp":1776749781000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Deep learning techniques for early detection and classification of leaf diseases in crops"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Parvathaneni Naga","family":"Srinivasu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Amrita School of Computing, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham","place":["Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vemuri","family":"Anirudh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amrita School of Computing, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham","place":["Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Devarasetty Likhitha","family":"Kamali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amrita School of Computing, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham","place":["Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Somesetty","family":"Lalitha Kumari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amrita School of Computing, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham","place":["Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sudharshan Reddy","family":"Chidirala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amrita School of Computing, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham","place":["Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Fazal","family":"Ijaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Technology, Business and Hospitality Faculty, Torrens University Australia","place":["Melbourne, VIC, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2024.102618","article-title":"An ensemble of deep learning architectures for accurate plant disease classification","volume":"81","author":"Ali","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecol. 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