{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T15:21:34Z","timestamp":1782314494003,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"\n The signaling cascade of strigolactone (SL)-regulated stomatal closure in\n Arabidopsis thaliana<\/jats:italic>\n was investigated using pharmacological assays, fluorescence microscopy, spectrophotometry, gas chromatography, RT-PCR, and qRT-PCR. In wild-type plants, GR24 (a synthetic strigolactone analog)-induced stomatal closure was significantly inhibited by ethylene biosynthesis\/perception inhibitors or G\u03b1 inhibitor pertussis toxin (PTX). GR24 obviously promoted closure in\n eto1-1<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n cG\u03b11<\/jats:italic>\n and\n wG\u03b11<\/jats:italic>\n mutants, but failed to do so in mutants\n etr1-1<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n etr1-3<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n gpa1\u20131<\/jats:italic>\n and\n gpa1-2<\/jats:italic>\n . GR24 also upregulated 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase (ACS) gene\n ACS<\/jats:italic>\n and heterotrimeric G-protein \u03b1 subunit 1 gene\n GPA1<\/jats:italic>\n transcript levels, showing that both ethylene synthesis and G\u03b1 activation were required for SL-induced stomatal closure. Ethylene biosynthesis\/perception inhibitors significantly suppressed GR24-induced hydrogen peroxide (H\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n ) production, hydrogen sulfide (H\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n S) synthesis, and L-\/D-cysteine desulfhydrase (L-\/D-CDes) activity increase in wild-type plants. These responses occurred in\n eto1\u20131<\/jats:italic>\n mutant but not in\n etr1<\/jats:italic>\n mutants. ACC-induced stomatal closure, H\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n and H\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n S synthesis, and L-\/D-CDes activity increase were obviously abolished in\n AtrbohD<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n AtrbohF<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n AtrbohD\/F<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Atl-cdes<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Atd-cdes<\/jats:italic>\n mutants, and exogenous H\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n or sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) could significantly rescue the defect in\n etr1<\/jats:italic>\n mutants, showing that ethylene acted via H\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n and H\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n S synthesis in SL-induced stomatal closure. Furthermore, PTX obviously suppressed GR24-induced H\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n and H\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n S synthesis, and L-\/D-CDes increase in the wild type. These responses persisted in\n cG\u03b11<\/jats:italic>\n and\n wG\u03b11<\/jats:italic>\n mutants but were absent in\n gpa1<\/jats:italic>\n mutants. Finally, cholera toxin (CTX)-induced stomatal closure and downstream responses required\n AtrbohD\/F<\/jats:italic>\n and\n AtL-\/D-CDe<\/jats:italic>\n s, and exogenous H\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n and H\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n S rescued GR24-induced closure in\n gpa1<\/jats:italic>\n mutants, suggesting that G\u03b1 activation acted upstream of H\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n and H\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n S synthesis in SL-induced stomatal closure. In contrast, ACC failed to rescue the defect in GR24-induced stomatal closure treated with PTX in the wild type and in\n gpa1<\/jats:italic>\n mutants. Notably, GR24 substantially increased ethylene production in both PTX-treated wild-type plants and in\n gpa1<\/jats:italic>\n mutants, indicating that ethylene functioned by activating G\u03b1 in SL-induced stomatal closure. In summary, SL induced ethylene biosynthesis, which activated G\u03b1. Activated G\u03b1 then promoted H\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n production via AtrbohD\/F and subsequent H\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n S synthesis via AtL-CDes\/AtD-CDes, finally leading to stomatal closure.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.1796780","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T06:50:27Z","timestamp":1773298227000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Ethylene participates in strigolactone-triggered stomatal closure via G\u03b1 protein-activited hydrogen peroxide and hydrogen sulfide synthesis in Arabidopsis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yinli","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Normal University","place":["Taiyuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenyu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Normal University","place":["Taiyuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuwei","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Normal University","place":["Taiyuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sida","family":"Chai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Normal University","place":["Taiyuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongyu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Normal University","place":["Taiyuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuangshuang","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Normal University","place":["Taiyuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20242","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1111902108","article-title":"Strigolactone signaling is required for auxin-dependent stimulation of secondary growth in plants","volume":"108","author":"Agusti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. 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